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US History timeline & concept chart: 1789-1860 Early Republic to Antebellum: Difference between revisions

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* 1800: Washington, D.C. opened
* 1800: Washington, D.C. opened
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=== National Debt === 
<H3>National Debt</H3>
* 1790 "Tariff of 1790" designed to reduce federal debt by taxing  
* Congress passed taxes to help pay Revolutionary War debts
* 1791 "Whiskey Act" imposed excise tax on sale of alcohol
** 1790 "Tariff of 1790" designed to reduce federal debt by taxing  
=== Whiskey Rebellion 1794 === 
** 1791 "Whiskey Act" imposed excise tax on sale of alcohol
* '''Residence Act of 1790''' set location of Washington, DC in the South in exchange for national assumption of state debts from the War (principally northern states)<br><br>
 
<H3>Whiskey Rebellion 1794</H3>
* Whiskey Act extremely unpopular  
* Whiskey Act extremely unpopular  
* Washington asserted Federal power to enforce the tax
* Washington asserted Federal power to enforce the tax<br><br>
=== Hamilton "Report on Manufactures" === 
 
* promoted activist Federal governance re. economy
<H3>Hamilton "Report on Manufactures"</H3>
* promoted activist Federal governance re. economy<br><br>


=== European wars & domestic U.S. politics === 
<H3>European wars & domestic U.S. politics</H3>
* pro-British or pro-French sentiments
* pro-British or pro-French sentiments
* political partisanship
* political partisanship<br><br>
 


=== Washington Farewell Address === 
<H3>Washington Farewell Address</H3>
* warned against political parties  
* warned against political parties  
* warned against "foreign entanglements"
* warned against "foreign entanglements"<br><br>


=== Adams presidency ===
<H3>Adams presidency</H3>
* avoided war with France
* avoided war with France
* marked by severe political partisanship  
* marked by severe political partisanship  
* Alien & Sedition Acts
* Alien & Sedition Acts
* "Midnight appointments"
* "Midnight appointments"<br><br>


=== Alien & Sedition Acts 1798 ===
<H3>Alien & Sedition Acts 1798</H3>
* restricted naturalization (citizenship)
* restricted naturalization (citizenship)
* criminalized "false statements"
* criminalized "false statements"
* allowed imprisonment & deportation of "dangerous" non-citizens
* allowed imprisonment & deportation of "dangerous" non-citizens<br><br>


=== Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions ===
<H3>Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions</H3>
* state legislatures declared Alien & Sedition Acts unconstitutional  
* state legislatures declared Alien & Sedition Acts unconstitutional  
* states rights & "strict construction" of Constitution
* states rights & "strict construction" of Constitution
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* avoidance of war with France over the '''XYZ Affair''' & naval clashes w/ French ships
* avoidance of war with France over the '''XYZ Affair''' & naval clashes w/ French ships
'''DETAILS'''
'''DETAILS'''
'''Washington presidency, 1789-1797'''
=== Washington presidency, 1789-1797===
* the reluctant President
* the reluctant President
click EXPAND for excerpt from Washington expressing his reluctance to become president
click EXPAND for excerpt from Washington expressing his reluctance to become president
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** Washington reluctantly signed the bill following Hamilton's advice
** Washington reluctantly signed the bill following Hamilton's advice


''' Residence Act''' of 1790
=== Residence Act of 1790 ===
* location was disputed
* location was disputed
** deal made for Maryland-Virginia border in exchange for assuming national debt
** deal made for Maryland-Virginia border in exchange for assuming national debt
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* territory ceded by Virginian and Maryland
* territory ceded by Virginian and Maryland


'''Hamilton's 1791 "Report on Manufactures"'''
=== Hamilton's 1791 "Report on Manufactures"===
* argued for federal support of domestic industry, including
* argued for federal support of domestic industry, including
** protective tariffs
** protective tariffs
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** federal investment in transportation infrastructure
** federal investment in transportation infrastructure
** laid basis for basic political/ ideological split  
** laid basis for basic political/ ideological split  
''' rise of Political parties'''
 
===rise of Political parties===
* Founders used the term "faction"  
* Founders used the term "faction"  
* Federalists:  
* Federalists:  
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*** anti-national bank, states’ rights, interpret constitution strictly, pro farming, pro-French
*** anti-national bank, states’ rights, interpret constitution strictly, pro farming, pro-French


''' Constitutional interpretation'''
===Constitutional interpretations ===
* enumerated powers
* '''enumerated powers'''
* implied powers
** = powers specifically listed in Constitution
* strict construction (word for word) << Jefferson/Madison interpretation
** ex. Article I, Section 8: ''Congress shall have the power to...''
* enumerated powers: powers specifically listed in Constitution
* '''implied powers'''
** “necessary and proper” = implied powers required to enforce enumerated powers
** “necessary and proper” = implied powers required to enforce enumerated powers
** broad or loose construction (interpreted) << Hamilton, Adams interpretation
* '''strict construction'''
** interpreted “necessary and proper” loosely, expansively
* = word for word interpretation
** advocated by Jefferson and Madison
** Virginia & Kentucky Resolutions called for it
* '''broad or loose construction (interpretation)
** = interpreted “necessary and proper” loosely, expansively
** advocated by Adams and Hamilton


'''European wars & domestic U.S. politics'''
=== European wars & domestic U.S. politics===
* Americans were largely sympathetic with French Revolution (1789-1799)
* Americans were largely sympathetic with French Revolution (1789-1799)
** especially as anti-British
** especially as anti-British
* various wars and clashes between European alliances centered around Britain and France
* various wars and clashes between European alliances centered around Britain and France


'''Citizen Genet affair, 1793'''
=== Citizen Genet affair, 1793===
* French government sent Edmond-Charles Genêt to the U.S. to  
* French government sent Edmond-Charles Genêt to the U.S. to  
** build support for its cause  
** build support for its cause  
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** issued the '''Proclamation of Neutrality''' on April 22, 1793 stating the America was neutral in the French / British conflict  
** issued the '''Proclamation of Neutrality''' on April 22, 1793 stating the America was neutral in the French / British conflict  


'''Jay's Treaty''' (or "Jay Treaty")
===Jay's Treaty (or "Jay Treaty") ===
* Secretary of State John Jay negotiated a treaty with England that:
* Secretary of State John Jay negotiated a treaty with England that:
** ensured US neutrality in British-French wars
** ensured US neutrality in British-French wars
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*** = establishing "'''executive privilege'''"
*** = establishing "'''executive privilege'''"


"'''Pinckney's Treaty'''"
==="Pinckney's Treaty" ===
* formal name: "Treaty of San Lorenzo"  
* formal name: "Treaty of San Lorenzo"  
* agreement w/ Spain provided
* agreement w/ Spain provided
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** promise from Spain to help stop Indian attacks on US settlers  
** promise from Spain to help stop Indian attacks on US settlers  


'''Washington declined to run for a 3rd term'''
=== Washington declines to run for a 3rd term ===
* = important example of a leader stepping down from power and supporting a peaceful transfer of power  
* = important example of a leader stepping down from power and supporting a peaceful transfer of power  
* sets precedent for two-term limit for presidents
* sets precedent for two-term limit for presidents
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<pre>The unity of government which constitutes you one people is also now dear to you. It is justly so; for it is a main pillar in the edifice of your real independence, the support of your tranquility at home, your peace abroad, of your safety, of your prosperity, of that very liberty which you so highly prize. But as it is easy to foresee that, from different causes and from different quarters, much pains will be taken, many artifices employed, to weaken in your minds the conviction of this truth; as this is the point in your political fortress against which the batteries of internal and external enemies will be most constantly and actively (though often covertly and insidiously) directed, it is of infinite moment that you should properly estimate the immense value of your national Union to your collective and individual happiness; that you should cherish a cordial, habitual, and immovable attachment to it; accustoming yourselves to think and speak of it as of the palladium of your political safety and prosperity; watching for its preservation with jealous anxiety; discountenancing whatever may suggest even a suspicion that it can in any event be abandoned; and indignantly frowning upon the first dawning of every attempt to alienate any portion of our country from the rest, or to enfeeble the sacred ties which now link together the various parts</pre> (for full text see [https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Washington%27s_Farewell_Address Washington's Farewell Address (wikisource)]
<pre>The unity of government which constitutes you one people is also now dear to you. It is justly so; for it is a main pillar in the edifice of your real independence, the support of your tranquility at home, your peace abroad, of your safety, of your prosperity, of that very liberty which you so highly prize. But as it is easy to foresee that, from different causes and from different quarters, much pains will be taken, many artifices employed, to weaken in your minds the conviction of this truth; as this is the point in your political fortress against which the batteries of internal and external enemies will be most constantly and actively (though often covertly and insidiously) directed, it is of infinite moment that you should properly estimate the immense value of your national Union to your collective and individual happiness; that you should cherish a cordial, habitual, and immovable attachment to it; accustoming yourselves to think and speak of it as of the palladium of your political safety and prosperity; watching for its preservation with jealous anxiety; discountenancing whatever may suggest even a suspicion that it can in any event be abandoned; and indignantly frowning upon the first dawning of every attempt to alienate any portion of our country from the rest, or to enfeeble the sacred ties which now link together the various parts</pre> (for full text see [https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Washington%27s_Farewell_Address Washington's Farewell Address (wikisource)]
</div>
</div>
'''John Adams''' presidency
 
===John Adams presidency ===
* Adams unpopular but firm
* Adams unpopular but firm
* marked by political bitterness
* marked by political bitterness
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** Americans/ parties split on allegiance to Britain or France of European wars
** Americans/ parties split on allegiance to Britain or France of European wars


'''European conflict'''
=== European conflicts ===
* French Revolution
* British interventions
* trade disruption, blockades, embargoes


'''Quasi-War''' 1798
=== Quasi-War 1798 ===
* naval clashes w/ French privateers (private ships given permission to attack others) & American merchant ships
* naval clashes w/ French privateers (private ships given permission to attack others) & American merchant ships
** mostly in Caribbean and Atlantic coast
** mostly in Caribbean and Atlantic coast
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* Congress established the U.S. Navy and authorized use of force against French vessels
* Congress established the U.S. Navy and authorized use of force against French vessels


''' XYZ Affair. 1797-98'''
=== XYZ Affair. 1797-98 ===
* US diplomats sent to France over Quasi-War
* US diplomats sent to France over Quasi-War
** three French officials demanded a bribe from them
** three French officials demanded a bribe from them
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* turned American public against France
* turned American public against France


'''Alien & Sedition Acts, 1798'''
=== Alien & Sedition Acts, 1798 ===
* Adams and congressional allies attempted to outlaw dissent  
* Adams and congressional allies attempted to outlaw dissent  
* congress dominated by Federalists
* congress dominated by Federalists
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* unpopularity leads to Democrat-Republican wins in 1800 elections
* unpopularity leads to Democrat-Republican wins in 1800 elections


'''Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions''' 1798-99
=== Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions 1798-99 ===
* state legislatures "nullified" Alien & Sedition Acts
* state legislatures "nullified" Alien & Sedition Acts
** = declared them unconstitutional
** = declared them unconstitutional
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** statement of southern states rights ideology
** statement of southern states rights ideology


''' Taxation''' and '''Fries's Rebellion''' 1799
=== Taxation and Fries's Rebellion, 1799 ===
* as US prepared for the Quasi-War with France
* as US prepared for the Quasi-War with France
** Congress imposed a "direct tax" upon all of the states
** Congress imposed a "direct tax" upon all of the states
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*** Adams granted amnesty to them in 1800
*** Adams granted amnesty to them in 1800


'''Washington DC''' opened as national capital, 1800  
=== Washington DC opened as national capital, 1800 ===
* "Federal City" opened  
* "Federal City" opened  
* capitol moved from New York
* capitol moved from New York
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* initial population was 14,093
* initial population was 14,093


'''Midnight appointments'''
=== Midnight appointments ===
* after election of 1800
* after election of 1800
* last minute appointments by Adams for 60 federal positions at end of his administration to fill offices with loyalists/federalists
* last minute appointments by Adams for 60 federal positions at end of his administration to fill offices with loyalists/federalists
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** in 1801 Marbury sued the government under grounds that he had been duly appointed
** in 1801 Marbury sued the government under grounds that he had been duly appointed
Leads to the "landmark" case, '''Marbury v. Madison''' that established '''judicial review''' (see below)
Leads to the "landmark" case, '''Marbury v. Madison''' that established '''judicial review''' (see below)




Other concepts & terms:  
Other concepts & terms:  


'''Constitutional interpretation'''
Constitutional interpretation:
* '''enumerated powers'''
** = powers specifically listed in Constitution
** ex. Article I, Section 8: ''Congress shall have the power to...''
* '''implied powers'''
** “necessary and proper” = implied powers required to enforce enumerated powers
* '''strict construction'''
* = word for word interpretation
** advocated by Jefferson and Madison
** Virginia & Kentucky Resolutions called for it
* '''broad or loose construction (interpretation)
** = interpreted “necessary and proper” loosely, expansively
** advocated by Adams and Hamilton


''' new States''':
=== new States in 1790s ===
* Vermont (territory ceded by New York) 1791
* Vermont (territory ceded by New York) 1791
* Kentucky (“western”), 1792
* Kentucky (“western”), 1792
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'''Northwest Territories''' and '''Northwest Ordinance''' of 1787
=== Northwest Territories and Northwest Ordinance of 1787 ===
[[File:Northwest-territory-usa-1787.png|thumb|Northwest-territory-usa-1787|alt=Northwest-territory-usa-1787.png]]
[[File:Northwest-territory-usa-1787.png|thumb|Northwest-territory-usa-1787|alt=Northwest-territory-usa-1787.png]]
* in 1878 the Continental Congress organized land ceded by England north of the Ohio River to the Great Lakes into a "territory"  
* in 1878 the Continental Congress organized land ceded by England north of the Ohio River to the Great Lakes into a "territory"  
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** '''Treaty of Greenville''' (1795) with the Western Confederacy, Native American Tribes led by the Delaware (tribe), formally opened the Territory to settlement
** '''Treaty of Greenville''' (1795) with the Western Confederacy, Native American Tribes led by the Delaware (tribe), formally opened the Territory to settlement


'''Political parties'''
=== emergence of political parties ===
* emerged by Washington's 2nd term
* arose in Washington's 2nd term based on existing political alliances and perspectives
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