US History timeline & concept chart: 1789-1860 Early Republic to Antebellum

US History timeline & concept chart: 1790s-1860

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1790s Washington & Adams administrations

PERIOD / TIMELINE	Major Events, Concepts & Themes	Notes & connections: details of issues, concepts, themes & events
1789 Washington unanimously elected and inaugurated 1798-1793 Washington's 1st term 1790 Capital moved from Philadelphia to New York 1791 Bill of Rights enacted 1791 First Bank of the United States 1792 Washington unanimously re-elected 1793-1797 Washington's 2nd term 1793 "Citizen Genet" episiode 1794 Whiskey Rebellion 1795 Jay's Treaty 1796 Pinckney's Treaty 1798: Alien & Sedition Acts 1798-99 Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions 1800: Washington, D.C. opened	BIG IDEAS Washington sets precedents assertion of federal powers Hamilton-Jefferson split rise of political parties Adams presidency avoidance of war with France over the XYZ Affair & naval clashes w/ French ships National Debt Congress passed taxes to help pay Revolutionary War debts 1790 "Tariff of 1790" designed to reduce federal debt by taxing 1791 "Whiskey Act" imposed excise tax on sale of alcohol Residence Act of 1790 set location of Washington, DC in the South in exchange for national assumption of state debts from the War (principally northern states) Whiskey Rebellion 1794 Whiskey Act extremely unpopular Washington asserted Federal power to enforce the tax Hamilton "Report on Manufactures" promoted activist Federal governance re. economy European wars & domestic U.S. politics pro-British or pro-French sentiments in U.S. Washington Farewell Address warned against political parties warned against "foreign entanglements" Adams presidency avoided war with France marked by severe political partisanship Alien & Sedition Acts "Midnight appointments" Alien & Sedition Acts 1798 restricted naturalization (citizenship) criminalized "false statements" allowed imprisonment & deportation of "dangerous" non-citizens Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions state legislatures declared Alien & Sedition Acts unconstitutional states rights & "strict construction" of Constitution	Washington presidency, 1789-1797 the reluctant President click EXPAND for excerpt from Washington expressing his reluctance to become president in 1788, Washington wrote: I should unfeignedly rejoice, in case the Electors, by giving their votes to another person would save me from the dreaded dilemma of being forced to accept or refuse... If that may not be–I am, in the next place, earnestly desirous of searching out the truth, and knowing whether there does not exist a probability that the government would be just as happily and effectually carried into execution without my aid." (First President’s Election Was the Last Thing He Wanted (washingtonpapers.org) Upon election in 1791, Washington wrote that he had give up "all expectations of private happiness in this world." (https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/george-washington-the-reluctant-president-49492/ George Washington: The Reluctant President (Smithsonian Magazine)] Washington's primary goals: establish precedents for the office of the President, esp. regarding manner, authority, establishing constitutional arrangements establish proper relationship of President with the people act with authority and dignity but not like a king mutual respect between the executive and the people see: Letter from Washington to Adams, 10 May 1789 on social protocols (founders.archive.gov) click EXPAND for excerpt from and commentary on Washington's Letter to Adams from Archives.gov: excerpt (closing paragraph note that in the letter, Washington refers to himself in the 3rd person ("The President..." "he...") he does so as a way of separating his person from his office (the King of England called himself "We", as a way of expressing himself as the entire realm) Many things which appear of little imp⟨ortance in⟩ themselves and at the beginning, may have ⟨great and⟩ durable consequences from their having be⟨en establis⟩hed at the commencement of a new general ⟨Govern⟩ment. It will be much easier to comme⟨nce the adm⟩inistration, upon a well adjusted system ⟨built on⟩ tenable grounds, than to correct errors or alter inconveniences after they shall have been confirmed by habit. The President in all matters of business & etiquette, can have no object but to demean himself in his public character, in such a manner as to maintain the dignity of Office, without subjecting himself to the imputation of superciliousness or unnecessary reserve. Under these impressions, he asks for your candid and undisguised opinions. commentary on the Letter: A major concern was the public image of the new administration. As Sen. William Maclay of Pennsylvania noted, GW “stood on as difficult ground as he ever had done in his life: that to suffer himself to be run down, on the one hand, by a crowd of visitants so as to engross his time, would never do, as it would render the doing of business impracticable; but, on the other hand, for him to be seen only in public on stated times, like an Eastern Lama, would be equally offensive. If he was not to be seen but in public, where nothing confidential could pass between him and any individual, the business would, to all appearance, be done without him, and he could not escape the charge of favoritism. All court would be paid to the supposed favorite; weakness and insignificance would be considered as characteristic of the President, and he would not escape contempt. . . . it was not thus the General gained the universal plaudits of his admiring fellow-citizens” (Maclay, Journal, 15). Washington was praised for displaying appropriate "condescension" to common people relating to people of lower status while maintaining the dignity of the higher class it was a very important concept for people of the time students may consider the impact of Jacksonian Democracy in light of the Founding-era norms of political elitism Washington's goals (con't) to establish and protect the powers of the executive branch to ensure popular support for new government his tours of 1789, 1790, 1791 were designed to promote national unity, display presidency, and promote his policies to consolidate U.S. territory, especially regarding Northwest Territories and Southern borders with Spain election of 1789 prior to the 12th amendment (1803), the President and Vice President were selected by 1st and 2nd place in the Electoral College, with each Elector casting two votes Washington received a unanimous 69 votes (one from each Elector) John Adams won 2nd place with 34 votes, with rest split between ten other candidates Bill of Rights adopted 1791 (BOR) agreement between Federalists and Anti-Federalist in adopting the Constitution in 1789 BOR limits federal power application of BOR to state laws comes in late 19th/ early 20th centuries = “incorporation” of the Bill of Rights Constitution was for the federal government only 14th amendment starts the process of “incorporating” the Constitution, esp. BOR into state law Hamilton-Jefferson split thought to be largely over enactment of the First National Bank Jefferson vehemently opposed a national bank, fearing its impact on sectional divisions Washington reluctantly signed the bill following Hamilton's advice Residence Act of 1790 location was disputed deal made for Maryland-Virginia border in exchange for assuming national debt Virginia wanted the location Hamilton and New York wanted national assumption of war debts established permanent capitol along Potomac River between Maryland and Virginia Congress wanted a "federal" district of its own governance so as not to rely on a state named for George Washington territory ceded by Virginian and Maryland Hamilton's 1791 "Report on Manufactures" argued for federal support of domestic industry, including protective tariffs promote skilled labor immigration federal investment in transportation infrastructure laid basis for basic political/ ideological split Whiskey Rebellion, 1794 a core goal of the new government was to establish a functional system of taxation a primary goal of Hamilton's "debt assumption" (federal gov. taking over states' War debts and that of the Confederation) was to force the government into sound financial structures, including a national bank and raising revenue (taxation) the 1971 Whiskey excise tax, however, was very unpopular, especially in western parts of the states enforcement of the tax angered citizens, especially small, rural distilleries (manufacturers) who felt unfairly targeted by the tax collectors there were a series of attacks and harassment of tax collectors, especially in western Pennsylvania the Whiskey Rebellion was a more organized attack on a tax collector, involving 700 men Washington sent an official to negotiate with the rebels, which was unsuccessful Washington then invoked the Militia Acts of 1792 and sent 12,000 soldiers to put down the rebellion the mob had already fled and only two rebels were found guilty of treason Washington pardoned both Rise of Political parties Founders used the term "faction" for aligned groups, whereas political parties have formal organizations and identities arose in Washington's 2nd term based on existing political alliances and perspectives Federalists: Adams, Hamilton pro-national bank, pro-Fed gov powers, interpret constitution loosely, pro industry & commerce, pro-British party starts to die out after 1812 War (opposed) Democratic-Republicans Jefferson, Madison anti-national bank, states’ rights, interpret constitution strictly, pro farming, pro-French Constitutional interpretations enumerated powers = powers specifically listed in Constitution ex. Article I, Section 8: Congress shall have the power to... implied powers “necessary and proper” = implied powers required to enforce enumerated powers strict construction = word for word interpretation advocated by Jefferson and Madison Virginia & Kentucky Resolutions called for it broad or loose construction (interpretation) = interpreted “necessary and proper” loosely, expansively advocated by Adams and Hamilton European conflicts click EXPAND for list of French Revolution & Napoleonic era wars 1791-1798 War of First Coalition European monarchies challenge France over the French Revolution France somewhat expands geographically but loses overeaas territories Spread of French Revolution ideology Rise of Napoleon starting 1795 1799-1802 War of the Second Coalition continued French victories France invades Egypt Napoleon consolidates power 1803-1815 2nd row 1st cell Napoleonic Wars broken into five "coalition" wars France briefly conquers most of Europe only Britain and Portugal maintain full independence following disastrous 1812 invasion of Russia, Napoleon weakened and suffers defeat by energized "Sixth Coalition Napoleon exiled to Elba, an island off coast of Italy, but returns a year later and starts the "Hundred Days War" (War of 7th coalition) Napoleon defeated at Waterloo, Belgium in 1815 and is sent to the British island, St. Helena, in the south Atlantic ocean See: * French Revolutionary Wars timeline (worldhistoryproject.org) French Revolutionary Wars (wikipedia) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars Napoleonic Wars (wikipedia)] French Revolution British interventions trade disruption, blockades, embargoes European wars & domestic U.S. politics various wars and clashes between European alliances centered around Britain and France Americans were largely sympathetic with French Revolution (1789-1799) especially as anti-British however, partisan lines were drawn over European situation partisanship grew into pro-British or pro-French sentiments pro-British = Federalists, warned against radical change and extremes in French Revolution (not pro-monarchy) Adams, Hamilton pro-French = liberal, celebrating downfall of French monarchy and rise of democracy, ignoring its extremes; or simply anti-British, Jefferson, Madison, Thomas Payne (who went to France to participate in the Revolution) Citizen Genet affair, 1793 French government sent Edmond-Charles Genêt to the U.S. to build support for its cause tp promote anti-British sentiments & encourage American attacks on British merchant ships he issued "letters of marque and reprisal," which legalized attacks on British ships on behalf of France Washington was infuriated by the interference issued the Proclamation of Neutrality on April 22, 1793 stating the America was neutral in the French / British conflict Jay's Treaty (or "Jay Treaty") Secretary of State John Jay negotiated a treaty with England that: ensured US neutrality in British-French wars opened US ports to British and British ports in Caribbean to Americans British evacuated all remaining Western forts (was part of terms of Treaty of Paris, 1783, ending Revolutionary War) = leaving Northwest territories to the U.S. U.S. agreed to pay certain Revolutionary War debts the Treaty was unpopular, especially in southern states Senate approved the treaty and the House appropriated funding for its enactment, but only after bitter debate the Jay Treaty episode further solidified the partisan/ ideological divide between Hamiltonians and Jeffersonians in 1796, House of Representative demanded internal Executive branch documents regarding the Treaty Washington refused to deliver them = establishing "executive privilege" "Pinckney's Treaty" formal name: "Treaty of San Lorenzo" agreement w/ Spain provided US access to Mississippi River removal of Spanish forts on US lands promise from Spain to help stop Indian attacks on US settlers Washington declines to run for a 3rd term = important example of a leader stepping down from power and supporting a peaceful transfer of power sets precedent for two-term limit for presidents precedent was honored until FDR, although Teddy Roosevelt ran for a third term in 1912 (and lost) Washington's "Farewell Address a "valedictory address" (via written statement) to the American people in order to articulate his most important advice: follow the Constitution (rule of law) in order to ensure "that your union and brotherly affection may be perpetual" especially in order to resolve differences avoid "combinations and associations" (factions or alliances) that would subvert the Constitution and the national laws avoid the "baneful effects of the spirit of party" (political parties) warned against "a small but artful and enterprising minority" faction to seize power and subvert the Union warned against "geographical discriminations" (sectional blocks) avoid "foreign entanglements" (getting mixed up in the affairs of other countries, especially in Europe) click EXPAND for excerpt from Washington's Farewell Address: The unity of government which constitutes you one people is also now dear to you. It is justly so; for it is a main pillar in the edifice of your real independence, the support of your tranquility at home, your peace abroad, of your safety, of your prosperity, of that very liberty which you so highly prize. But as it is easy to foresee that, from different causes and from different quarters, much pains will be taken, many artifices employed, to weaken in your minds the conviction of this truth; as this is the point in your political fortress against which the batteries of internal and external enemies will be most constantly and actively (though often covertly and insidiously) directed, it is of infinite moment that you should properly estimate the immense value of your national Union to your collective and individual happiness; that you should cherish a cordial, habitual, and immovable attachment to it; accustoming yourselves to think and speak of it as of the palladium of your political safety and prosperity; watching for its preservation with jealous anxiety; discountenancing whatever may suggest even a suspicion that it can in any event be abandoned; and indignantly frowning upon the first dawning of every attempt to alienate any portion of our country from the rest, or to enfeeble the sacred ties which now link together the various parts (for full text see Washington's Farewell Address (wikisource) John Adams presidency Adams unpopular but firm marked by political bitterness a dominant issue was English-French wars impacted American merchants Americans/ parties split on allegiance to Britain or France of European wars Quasi-War 1798 naval clashes w/ French privateers (private ships given permission to attack others) & American merchant ships mostly in Caribbean and Atlantic coast not a declared war, thus "“Quasi-War” France resented pro-British terms of Jay's Treaty and felt it violated "Alliance and Commerce" treaties from 1778 (during the American Revolution) Congress established the U.S. Navy and authorized use of force against French vessels XYZ Affair. 1797-98 US diplomats sent to France over Quasi-War three French officials demanded a bribe from them known as = Monsieurs (M.) "X, Y, & Z" turned American public against France Alien & Sedition Acts, 1798 Adams and congressional allies attempted to outlaw dissent congress dominated by Federalists "Naturalization Act" restricted naturalization of immigrants to become a citizen "An Act Concerning Aliens" authorized imprisonment or deportation of "dangerous" non-citizens Sedition Act criminalized "false statements" critical of the federal government outlawed publication of "false, scandalous and malicious writing" against the government unpopularity leads to Democrat-Republican wins in 1800 elections Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions 1798-99 state legislatures "nullified" Alien & Sedition Acts = declared them unconstitutional "Principles of '98" = as stated in the Resolutions states rights "strict construction" of the Constitution (= reading of the Constitution by its text alone, without inferring additional powers) state nullification of federal law impact: the Resolutions were authored in secret by Jefferson (then Vice President) and Madison = statement of their interpretation of the Constitution Washington called the Resolutions "a recipe for disunion" (see Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions (wikipedia) statement of southern states rights ideology Taxation and Fries's Rebellion, 1799 as US prepared for the Quasi-War with France Congress imposed a "direct tax" upon all of the states = a federal tax apportioned by population per state the "Direct House Tax of 1798" was calculated by houses, lands, and slave ownership the only time a direct tax was ever imposed by Congress the tax was unpopular in 1799, John Fries, a German-American, organized resistance to the tax in Pennsylvania local militia captured tax "assessors" (who were to "assess" property values for the tax assessment) Federal marshals arrested resistance leaders, but local groups liberated them Adams ordered federal troops to arrest the insurgents Fries and others were arrested and charged with treason Adams granted amnesty to them in 1800 Washington DC opened as national capital, 1800 "Federal City" opened capitol moved from New York Adams first President to occupy the White House Supreme Court was located in the Capitol building initial population was 14,093 Midnight appointments after election of 1800 last minute appointments by Adams for 60 federal positions at end of his administration to fill offices with loyalists/federalists including appointment of John Marshall as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court Jefferson mocked the appointees as "Midnight Judges" several appointments were not delivered before end of Adams administration, including one to William Marbury the new Jefferson administration refused to deliver them in 1801 Marbury sued the government under grounds that he had been duly appointed Leads to the "landmark" case, Marbury v. Madison that established judicial review (see below) Other concepts & terms: new States in 1790s Vermont (territory ceded by New York) 1791 Kentucky (“western”), 1792 Tennessee (“western”), 1796 Northwest Territory and Northwest Ordinance of 1787 Northwest-territory-usa-1787 in 1787 the Continental Congress organized land ceded by England north of the Ohio River to the Great Lakes into a "territory" was first post-colonial "incorporated territory" = formally organized and governed by Federal government the Ordinance barred slavery in the Territories, the first national prohibition on slavery however, it also set the precedent for existence of slavery below the Ohio River (its southern border) American settlers moving into the Territory sparked conflicts with Native tribes, known as the Northwest Indian War Gen. "Mad" Anthony Wayne, commander of the American Army and Revolutionary War hero, defeated Native resistance at the Battle of Fallen Timbers in 1794 Treaty of Greenville (1795) with the Western Confederacy, Native American Tribes led by the Delaware (tribe), formally opened the Territory to settlement Federalists Democratic-Republicans Leaders Adams, Hamilton Jefferson, Madison Policies pro-national bank, pro-Fed gov powers, interpret constitution loosely, pro industry & commerce, pro-British anti-national bank, states’ rights, interpret constitution strictly, pro farming, pro-French Notes party diminishes after War of 1812 War which it opposed and due to Monroe's adoption of some Federalist policies (bank, tariff: see Era of Good Feelings) becomes Democratic party; Jefferson considered its founder

1800-1810 Jefferson & Madison administrations

PERIOD / TIMELINE	Major Events, Concepts & Themes	Notes & connections: details of issues, concepts, themes & events
1800 Jefferson elected w/ Democratic-Republican sweep of Congress 1801-1805 Jefferson presidency 1st term 1802 Louisiana Purchase 1802 Yazoo land scandal (Georgia) 1802 establishment of West Point Military Academy 1802 admission of Ohio to statehood 1803-1806 Lewis & Clark Expedition 1804 Burr kills Hamilton in duel 1805 blockades of US ports by British & French 1805-1809 Jefferson presidency 2nd term 1807: Embargo Act of 1807 1807 Congress bans African slave trade, effective 1808 1809-1813 Madison presidency 1st term 1810 Macon's Bill Number 2	BIG IDEAS Jefferson presidency settled partisan rancor from Adams presidency and election of 1800 roll-back of Federalist policies Louisiana Purchase Jeffersonian democracy egalitarian, social simplicity in contrast to Washington's pomp (formality) pushed for state expansion of suffrage by elimination of property requirements small government, states rights, run by small farmers Marbury v Madison landmark case establishes judicial review European wars continued impact on domestic U.S. politics trade disruption, embargoes, blockades Revolution of 1800 marked peaceful transition of power despite bitter partisanship Jefferson inaugural address Louisiana Purchase. 1802 France sold territory taken from Spain bc of Haitian Revolution US territorial expansion and settlement land speculation & political maneuvering over control of new territories Barbary War Jefferson sent US Navy to Mediterranean Sea to fight "Barbary Pirates" Stephen Decator became national hero for a raid on Tripoli in 1804 Twelfth Amendment adopted 1804 party-line vote in electoral college ("party ticket") ensures two-party system & it's political organization & activity leads to intra-party factions (factions within a single party) Embargo Act of 1807 European war impacts on US trade & domestic politics New Englanders oppose the embargo, economy hurt Non-Intercourse Act of 1809 opens trade with all nations except France and Brtiain asdf	Revolution of 1800 the election of 1800 was bitter Democratic-Republican party (Jefferson and Burr) accused Federalists of being monarchists Federalists accused Jefferson of loyalty to radical French revolutionaries pamphlets first transition of power from one faction to another without violence electoral college results: Jefferson & Burr tied with 73 votes Adams won 65 votes Federalists majority in the House ultimately decided for Jefferson Jefferson Inaugural Address, 1801 sought to reconcile bitterness between parties/factions “We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists” Jeffersonian democracy rode his horse to Washington for his inauguration as statement of egalitarianism as opposed to riding in a formal carriage egalitarianism, equality (whites) as president preferred social simplicity in contrast to Washington's pomp (formality) did not distinguish White House visitors based on social class pushed for state expansion of suffrage by elimination of property requirements led to higher voter turnout small government, states rights, run by small farmers Jefferson wanted fully pay off and avoid any future national debt inherently anti-bank, esp. a central bank at end of his office in 1809, the debt was reduced from $83 to $57 million roll-back of Federalist policies the new Democratic-Republican dominated Congress: repealed the Alien and Sedition acts pardoned the 10 people who were prosecuted under them abolished internal taxes reduced the size of the army and navy despite reservations, Jefferson agreed to keep the First Bank of the United States Supreme Court maintained Federalist ideologies under Chief Justice John Marshall Federalist Party declines, especially outside of New England Barbary War Naval Act of 1794 founded the US Navy with funding for six warships authorized payment of "tributes" (ransom $) to North African pirates who attacked US merchant ships prior to the Revolution, the British Navy had protected American vessels by end of Adams administration treaties w/ "Barbary States" (modern Morocco, Tunisia, Algeria) in 1803 Jefferson sent US Navy to Mediterranean Sea to fight "Barbary Pirates" the YSS Philadelphia was captured by Tripoli 1804 Stephen Decatur became national hero for a raid on Tripoli freeing the Philadelphia while isolating Tripoli with the raid and ongoing bombardments, the US continued to pay tribute to other Barbary States Louisiana Purchase, 1802 UnitedStatesExpansion Secretary of State James Monroe was sent to France to negotiate purchase of Louisiana Territory the primary American goal was to gain full control of the Mississippi River the Spanish had acquired Louisiana in 1762 from the French following the French-Indian War the French regained the territory in 1800 under Napoleon Haitian rebellion impact: = successful slave revolt establishing Haitian independence the French army sent to put down the rebellion was the largest European army ever sent to the Americas with loss of Haiti, the French no longer needed New Orleans as a shipping point for Haitian trade France offered to sell it for $15 million the "territory" was loosely defined the sovereignty conveyed (delivered) by the Purchase = a "preemptive" right to the territory over other colonial powers and the authority over other colonial powers to obtain the lands in the territory from Native Americans by treaty or conquest Federalists opposed it because it would eventually add more southern states Jefferson based power to purchase on executive powers of diplomacy Lewis & Clark Expedition to explore new territory to identify natural geography & landscapes to establish inland route to the Pacific Ocean the Purchase did not include modern Oregon & Washington state territories, which were negotiated later w/ Britain in the Treaty of 1818 regarding the northern border of modern MN, ND, & MO which established the 49th parallel as the US-Canadian border and in the the south and western borders were negotiated with Spain along with American acquisition of Florida in the 1819 Adams-Onis Treaty" w/ Spain settlement, territorial expansion & Native American relations Jefferson wanted to take Florida from the Spanish he refused to recognize Haiti in 1804 in order to gain Napoleon's support for US acquisition of Florida acquisition of Louisiana Territory put pressure on Native American tribes and lands Jefferson promoted Indian treaties and sought his civilization program of assimilation of American Indians into US society however, Jefferson's policies more generally supported by white settlement of Native lands conflict continued throughout his term of office in the Northwest Territory British agents supported Native tribes with arms and encouragement one of the British intentions was to create an Indian satellite nation aligned with Britain in US territory. Yazoo land scandal, 1802 as nation expanded, land claims were frequently in conflict with one another land speculation increased, especially as part of removal of Native Americans Georgia sold large tracts (lots) of "Yazoo land" = areas around the Yazoo River stretching to the Mississippi River (modern AL and MS) named for the Yazoo tribe because of massive fraud, Georgia invalidated the land grants retroactively (after the fact) led to the Compact of 1802 in which the federal government purchased western Georgia for $1.2mm (later Alabama and Mississippi) agreed to invalidate Native American claims on the land and agreed to settle claims by defrauded individuals (people who were ripped off) the last term was scandalous as politicians claimed it was a pay-off to land speculators even Jefferson's own party opposed it, especially John Randolph (from VA) = led to rise of tertium quids which were factions within the Democratic Party claims were not fully resolved until 1814 by act of Congress that paid off those remaining Essex Junto group of New England Federalists who advocated secession by New England (and against the 1780 Massachusetts constitution) were sympathetic to England and opposed trade restrictions which severely impaired the New England economy most organizers were from Essex County, MA John Adams and John Hancock called them the "Essex Junto" as an insult principal leader Rep. Thomas Pickering vehemently opposed Jefferson's anti-British trade acts the Junto wanted Hamilton to join, but he refused to join their movement and plots in 1804 they approached Aaron Burr who was sympathetic supported the """Hartford Convention which met in 1814-15 in opposition to the War of 1812 during the war, the group was called the "Blue Lights" because they used blue lights to warn British warships of American vessels that were trying to run the British blockade or as a signal to the British to smuggle goods with them events and personalities regarding the Essex Junto led to the Burr-Hamilton duel of 1804, in which Burr killed Hamilton Aaron Burr Democratic-Republican (same party as Jefferson) born in New Jersey & practiced law in New York = had different interests and objectives from Jefferson in 1785 Burr sponsored a bill to end slavery in New York elected New York Senator in 1791 populist politician, defied the norms of "detachment" that Washington preferred (see above) ran for President in 1800 and tied with Jefferson the Federalist-controlled House of Representatives decided the election for Jefferson leaving Burr as Jefferson's Vice President Jefferson did not trust Burr and did not include him in most Administration decisions although not illegal, the Hamilton duel ended Burr's political career Burr's term was spent serving Vice Presidential role as President of the Senate, where he served to acclaim of his colleagues Burr conspiracy of 1807 click EXPAND for details on the Burr Conspiracy Burr was associated with the Essex Junta, which advocated New England succession he was closely associated with General James Wilkinson, Commanding General of the US Army, who had attempted to remove Kentucky and Tennessee from the Union in the 1780s (Articles of Confederation period, while those states were still territorial areas claimed by Virginia and North Carolina respectively Jefferson appointed Wilkinson governor of the new Louisiana Territory in 1805 after leaving office, Burr moved into the Louisiana Territory, looking for new opportunities, first in the Ohio Valley, then moving to Louisiana while Vice President Burr held discussions with the British ambassador about raising an army to help the British regain the Louisiana Territory after leaving office in 1805 he wrote to the ambassador asking for money to support the scheme the ambassador gave him $1500 then declined to help any further Burr gathered supporters for settlement in Louisiana and perhaps to form a militia to attack Spanish-held territories at the same time he contacted the Spanish ambassador offering to help Spain against the United States the Spanish ambassador gave him several thousand dollar but offered no further assistance the Governor of Kentucky warned Jefferson of Burr's plans for rebellion and secession, but Jefferson ignored them as politically motivated Governor Wilkinson became aware of the conspiracy and moved to seize weapons from Burr's associates he then informed Jefferson of the plot, who ordered Burr to be arrested for treason Burr was tried for treason but acquitted on the grounds that plans did not constitute actual treason Burr's attorney was the future Whig, Henry Clay, and federalist Chief Justice Marshall presided over the case 12th Amendment to the Constitution, 1804 & electoral impact in response to the contested election of 1800 (Jefferson and Burr tied in electoral college vote, so the House of Representatives decided the election) also in response to partisanship during Adams administration: President Adams was Federalist Vice President Jefferson was Democratic-Republican also in response to Vice Presidency of Aaron Burr under Jefferson Burr and Jefferson were both Democratic-Republicans but Jefferson and Burr did not get along, and Jefferson did not consult Burr on Administration decisions made sense to combine President and Vice President candidates as a single ticket so the Electoral College votes are for combined "ticket" of President and Vice President candidates 12th amendment solidifies the two-party system which led to greater political organization and voter turnout winner of the electoral college must win a majority vote therefore, it is in the interest of political opponents to organize around two political parties in order to win that majority vote European blockades of US ports & US trade laws British-French conflict again disrupts U.S. trade and politics in 1805 blockades of U.S. ports by both French and British British commences impressment of US sailors = seizing American sailors to serve of British warships British claimed any sailor born in England or had previously served on a British warship had to serve Britain the Chesapeake-Leopard affair sparked U.S. outrage over British impressment the British HMS Leopard boarded the U.S. Chesapeake and took four crew members and hanged one for desertion New England trade economy collapses Non-importation Act of 1806 = embargo on British goods in response to British impressment of American sailors Embargo Act of 1807 = US response to blockades, shut down trade Non-Intercourse Act of 1809 reopened trade w/ other nations except Britain and France ongoing tensions over trade, blockades, and impressment will lead to the War of 1812 Macon's Bill no. 2" 1808 reopens U.S. trade with Britain and France France agrees to trade with the U.S. in exchange for not trading with Britain Britain stepped up its embargo and impressment of US sailors tensions between US and Britain rise Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves, 1807 the Constitution stipulated that there be no ban on African slave trade until 1808 (20 years from enactment) most states had banned importation of slaves since the 1770s, including Virginia (promoted by Jefferson) the Slave Trade Act of 1794 outlawed participation of U.S. vessels in African slavery South Carolina had since re-opened its ports to importation of slaves domestic slavery and slave trade were not impacted by the 1807 law expansion of slavery southerners feared that the slave revolt in Haiti would inspire similar revolts in US part of Jefferson's refusal to recognize Haiti in 1804 was due to southern pressure Louisiana Territory opened up additional land for expansion of slavery west of the Mississippi Eli Whitney new states admitted from 1800-1810 1802-3 Ohio admitted to Union = first state from the original Northwest Territory Madison presidency, 1809-1817 elected overwhelmingly over Federalist candidate Thomas Pinckney see 1810s timeline for details on Monroe

1810s Madison & Monroe administrations

PERIOD / TIMELINE	Major Events, Concepts & Themes	Notes & connections: details of issues, concepts, themes & events
1809-1813 Madison presidency 1st term 1811 Battle of Tippecanoe 1813-1817 Madison presidency 2nd term 1812-1815 War of 1812 1813-1817 Madison presidency 2nd term 1816 election of James Monroe 1817-1821 Monroe presidency 1st term 1818 Treaty of 1818 (49th parallel) 1819 Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819 (acquisition of FL) 1819 Panic of 1819 1819 McCulloch v. Maryland	BIG IDEAS French/ British blockades Napoleonic wars in Europe put pressure on international trade British impressment of U.S. sailors British policy of boarding American ships and forcing certain American sailors into service in Royal Navy Indian Wars in Northwest Territory westward expansion and settlement = conflict w/ Native Americans Indian tribal alignment w British to oppose American exapansion border dispute w/ Canada US War Hawks push for territory grab, especially Canada War of 1812 opposed by Federalists American militia attack Ontario British invasion and destruction of Washington in retaliation for American attack on Canada maritime war in Great Lakes and Atlantic coastal harbors Monroe & the ""Era of Good Feelings" post-War pride, nationalism and unity Monroe deliberately sought political consensus 50th anniversary of the Declaration of Independence in 1826 = national pride	events leading up to War of 1812 Napoleonic Wars impact on U.S.: British & French trade embargos / blockades both French and British trying to isolate U.S. trade from the other British impressment of U.S. sailors/ merchant ships War Hawks push for US to take British territory led by Henry Clay (Whig) and John Calhoun (Democrat) Federalists, especially in New England oppose the war The Hartford Convention (1814-15) Federalists demanded changes in Constitution to require 2/3ds vote for trade laws anti-War position led to demise of Federalists, rise of Whig party by election of 1824 Northwest Territory Indian raids and conflict leading up to War of 1812 The state cessions that eventually allowed for the creation of the territories north and southwest of the River Ohio Northwest Territory originally consisted of the Ohio Valley and Great Lakes regions south of Canada the land was ceded by the British in the Treaty of Paris of 1783 that ended the American Revolution. VA, MA, NY PA and CT claimed parts of the territory, often in conflict with one another's claims in 1784, the Continental Congress extended the Mason-Dixon westward and defined the western border of PA, leaving the land west, the Ohio Valley, federal territory the Mason-Dixon line marked the southern borders of PA with DE, MD, VA (including what is now WV); it was named for its original surveyors the Mason-Dixon line became known as boundary between northern free and southern slave states the northernmost corner of the Territories, in present MN, is known as the "the Angle" (see [Geography fun facts & oddities] and the border was settled in 1818 the Northwest Indian War of 1785-1795 marked a long series of conflicts in the Ohio Valley, ending with US establish rights to settlement there subsequently, the settler-Native Indian conflicts continued in the Indiana Territory and northwestern regions of the Northwest Territory Ohio became the first new state from part of the Territory in 1802 in 1800 Indiana territory governor, William Henry Harrison, negotiated with tribes for land acquisition in Treaty of 1803 and ** Treaty of Fort Wayne in 1809 British military outposts maintained presence in the Territories through the end of the War of 1812 American settlers put pressure on Native Indian land holdings Britain armed Native American tribes to resist American settlers British agents hoped to create a permanent alliance with an autonomous Indian nation in the region Shawnee tribal leader Tecumseh objected to the treaties on the grounds that the land belonged collectively to all the tribes, not just to those who joined the treaty (incl. Miami, Pottawatomie, Lenape) his brother Tenskwata, known as "The Prophet", led a "purification" movement to "purify" Native Americans of European influence (including alcohol) Tenskwata's movement is similar to the 1890s "Ghost Dancers" movement he and Tecumseh preached Indian tribal unity and formed a confederacy of tribes Tecumseh's position was that he would not form an alliance with the British if the Americans returned Indian lands Battle of Tippecanoe, 1811 key battle took place along the Tippecanoe River Indiana territory governor, William Henry Harrison, led victorious Americans launched him into national fame and, later, the presidency in 1840 afterwards, Tecumseh openly aligned with the British during the War of 1812 War of 1812 American militia attack on Ontario Great Lakes naval battles burning of Washington war hero = Andrew Jackson at Battle of New Orleans, 1815 the battle took place after the peace agreement post-War economic expansion and policies economic expansion following War manufacturing increased under wartime economy & European trade embargos Henry Clay's “American System” largely adopted by Congress, including: 2nd National Bank federal road building protective tariffs Era of Good Feelings nationalistic pride in defeat of British in War of 1812 especially following the sound defeat of British forces at New Orleans Monroe toured New England to show solidarity Territorial acquisitions & border settlements with Britain and Spain Treaty of 1818 w/ Britain Britain ceded land northwest of the Northwest Territory (western modern MN and north & east ND) US ceded lands north of the 49th parallel above modern MT established the 49th parallel as the border of US and Canada from Minnesota to the Rocky Mountains thus is did not settle the Oregon Country boundaries, allowing joint British and American settlement Oregon Country was officially ceded to the US in the Oregon Treaty of 1846 Adams-Onis Treaty, 1819 w/ Spain Spain ceded Florida to the US - McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) > said states cannot tax federal bank > asserted federal power over states, i.e. Supremacy Clause - Panic of 1819 > national bank tried to collect loans, very unpopular move === subheading >>details

1820s: Monroe, JQ Adams & Jackson administrations

PERIOD / TIMELINE	Major Events, Concepts & Themes	Notes & connections: details of issues, concepts, themes & events
timeline here 1819-1827 Era of Good Feelings 1823 Monroe Doctrine 1827 Jacksonian democracy >> note spacing between lines using <br><br> code	BIG IDEAS Era of Good Feelings national pride following War of 1812 political divisions lessened 1826 Declaration of Independence 50th anniversary celebrations Monroe Doctrine (1823) John Quincy Adams single term "Corrupt Bargain" w/ Henry Clay Rise of Jackson, 1827 Democratic Party 2nd Great Awakening, 1820s-1830s/40s Moralism / reform movements Alexis de Tocqueville & "Democracy in America How do people act under a democracy? What are the outcomes of equality? Henry Clay & the "American System" Promoting commerce via tariffs, roads, & industry National Bank Rise of the Whig Party Growth in sectionalism South v. North rising West Southern democrats v. Northern democrats rural v. urban interests subsection >> <br	Monroe presidency 1st term Democratic-Republican president Era of Good Feelings political comity (general agreement, less bickering) National Bank and Tariff are passed by Congress (Federalist program) Erie Canal built 1826 50th anniversary celebration of U.S. Independence (huge good will across nation) >>details Monroe Doctrine, 1823 statement of autonomy of Americas from European influence Spanish empire was falling a part and the Americans wanted to stop other European nations from interfering rise of Whig party Federalist party collapsed for its opposition to the War of 1812 Whig party rose in its place = a coalition of reformers Democratic party Southern wing: defense of slavery & its expansion rural states’ rights (includes protection of slavery and anti-tariff) Northern wing: urban interests: immigrants reformers Sectionalism Election of 1826 controversial “corrupt bargain” Rise of Jackson and "Jacksonian democracy" “Jacksonian democracy” “spoils system” Second Great Awakening Second Great Awakening - religious revival, esp, Methodist & Baptists - Charles Finney ran religious revivals and promoted reform movements - new religions arose, including Mormons and Shakers, utopians > some preached apocalyptic visions, end of the world, etc. (“repent the end is near!”) - women involved, reform societies, esp against drinking (temperance), gambling & prostitution (vice) and slavery (abolition) - reformers built orphanages, asylums Alexis de Tocqueville * “Democracy in America” > if these people consider themselves each other’s equal, what will they do? - observed how democracies created >> culture of equality >> culture of civic engagement << everyone in a democracy wants to talk politics >> a fluid sociopolitical-economic society Henry Clay's "American system" Promoted by Henry Clay (from Kentucky) roads and canal building new technologies: railroads, telegraph = unifying effect, promotes commerce > allows for more western expansion and integration into national economy - internal improvements = main Whig policy (the American System) >>details

1830s Jackson, Van Buren & >> administrations

PERIOD / TIMELINE	Major Events, Concepts & Themes	Notes & connections: details of issues, concepts, themes & events
timeline here 18xx xxxx 1831 Nat Turner's Rebellion >> note spacing between lines using <br><br> code	BIG IDEAS subsection >> subsection >> subsection >> subsection >>	=== subheading >>details sectionalism House of Representatives passed Gag Rules, starting 1836, barring debate on slavery in House Nat Turner's Rebellion (1831) part of series of insurrections Turner's killed 60 white, who retaliated by killing 200 slaves randomly Slave Codes passed, banned blacks from gathering or learning to read Republic of Texas >>details === subheading >>details

1840s: xx administrations

PERIOD / TIMELINE	Major Events, Concepts & Themes	Notes & connections: details of issues, concepts, themes & events
timeline here 1842 Webster–Ashburton Treaty 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo >> note spacing between lines using <br><br> code	BIG IDEAS Manifest Destiny & western expansion br> Expansion of Slavery (Texas) br> <>big>Mexican-American War br> 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo Gold Rush of 1849 >> Abolition, Women's suffrage & other reform movements >> Transcendentalism	=== subheading >>details Webster–Ashburton Treaty of 1842 settles border agreements between US and Canada with the British, including Maine/Quebec, Lake Superior and present MN (The Angle), northwestern territories border along the 49th Parallel Western expansion leads to Mexican-American war Manifest Destiny > Manifest -= plain, easy to see, clear + Destiny = going to happen >> to move westward Justifies western expansion, settlement >> v. Indians and Spain / Mexico = notion that the nation will expand and it is good and right Oregon Treaty, 1848 the Treaty of 1818 set joint British-American control of "Oregon Country for ten years with guaranteed free navigation after Mexican-American War, President Polk wanted to: 1) consolidate US territories & 2) avoid a war with Britain over the northwest with larger American settlement, it was in the interest of the British to cede the territory and settle a permanent border the Treaty ceded a portion of Vancouver that lies below the 49th parallel a portion of a peninsula, today called Point Roberts, remained as US territory, even though it is disconnected from the US (exclave) there remained in dispute control of several islands , which resulted in the 1859 "Pig War" over their control it was named for an incident over a pig that sparked the conflict Mexican-American War Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, 1848 Gold Rush of 1849 Effects: transportation, movement, banking (also slavery tensions) > political activism, especially in response to Compromise of 1850 > American anti-slavery society >> William Lloyd Garrison< abolitionist leader, publisher >> inspired by David Walker, a free black in Boston in 1820s > Frederic Douglass > Harriett Tubman > Sojourner Truth > underground railroad Reform Movements >> combined activism: suffrage, abolitions, temperance, education Transcendentalism = belief that god exists in humans, man & society can be perfected > Ralph Waldo Emerson > Nathaniel Hawthorne (Scarlett Letter) > David Thoreau - Sectional dispute over where to build transcontinental railroad > northern or southern route? === subheading >>details === subheading >>details === subheading >>details

1850s: xx administrations

PERIOD / TIMELINE	Major Events, Concepts & Themes	Notes & connections: details of issues, concepts, themes & events
1850 Compromise of 1850 1854 Gadsden Purchase >> >> note spacing between lines using <br><br> code	BIG IDEAS subsection Compromise of 1850 New territories & states from Mexican-American War & Western expansion = End of Missouri Compromise (1820) Sectional Tensions rise Slavery issues Hardening of politics: pro-/anti-slavery Heading towards war, 1850s presidents do nothing about it Panic of 1857 / Southern economic stability subsection >> subsection >> subsection >>	Compromise of 1850 Ends the Missouri Compromise (of 1820) last of the “Great Compromisers” Clay (KY), Calhoun (CS) & Daniel Webster (MA) Clay divided larger bill into parts in order to pass parts of the Compromise of 1850 California admitted as free state Fugitive Slave Law upsetting to northerners included a concession to Northerners in the ban of the slave trade in DC (but not of slavery itself) Utah & New Mexico added as territories w/ each to write its own constitution (popular sovereignty concept re. slavery) after Compromise of 1850 new generation of leaders take over, more strident, more sectional-minded, more radical / ideological on both sides decline of Whig power No Nothings party > American Party, anti-immigrant (“nativism”), anti-catholic >> both sides radicalize >> no way to compromise Uncle Tom’s Cabin (1852) > book about slave life by Harriett Beecher Stowe > sold 2 mm copies > compared to Common Sense in influence on public - Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854) >> popular sovereignty for KS and NB territories >> radicalizes the public > marks end of Whig party >> “Free Soil” party has KN as its sole issue << Republican can take a wider appeal - “personal liberty laws” passed in north to require trial by jury for disputes over fugitive slaves - Bleeding Kansas or Bloody Kansas (1854-1861) > territories > Lawrence, KS = location of battles between pro- and anti-slavery factions >> John Brown started anti-slave movement there > “Border Ruffians” (rough houser – proslvery MO go to KS / NB to get into a fight - Dred Scott decision by Roger Taney, 1857 > Scott, a slave, went to North, and declared himself free >> owner sues to get him back >> Supreme Rules that slave/blacks are not citizens << >> radicalizes the public - John Brown’s raid (1859) > messianic anti-slavery leader >> God wants us to do this! > Harpers Ferry, VA to instigate a slave rebellion > put down by Federal troops, Brown hanged for treason Western expansion Gadsden Purchase, 1853 negotiated after the Mexican-American war to purchase Mexican territory in the south of modern AZ and southwest area of NM includes modern AZ cities of Yuma & Tucson cost was $10 million and motive for Mexico to sell it was likely to get the money before the Americans fully populated and/or seized it Panic of 1857 - Contributing factors: > tremendous growth after Mexi-Amer war led to overexpansion > over-extension of credit during boom years accelerated losses after Panic > railroads and telegraph made US more interconnected, so impact of Panic was widespread - Triggers: > sinking of gold ship SS Central America w/ 30K lbs of gold (California gold) > British bank crisis following suspension of reserve requiements (reliance on paper money) led to panic in Britain - Impact: > railroad expansion & hiring halts > grain prices drop, impacting farmers > land prices drop, impacting tax revenues and causing land-tax delinquencies > growth in westward expansion halted until after Civil War - Federal response: > Pres Buchanan blamed panic on use of paper-money withdraws bank notes under $20 >> impact was to force banks to increase hard money (specie) reserves and lower inflation << this worked - Long term impact: > southern economy largely untouched, which led to less pressure on slavery institution from northern > northern bankers and railroads impacted but recovered > midwestern expansion most impacted foreign trade & expansion Pierce sends Commodore Matthew Perry to Japan to force to open to US trade never having seen a steamship before, the Japanese acquiesce (gave in) to American demands Japan agrees to open two ports to American trade (previously limited to the Chinese and the Dutch) Japan decides to adopt Western technologies and embarks on industrialization that leads to imperial expansion in the 1900s >>details === subheading >>details === subheading >>details