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US History timeline & concept chart: 1789-1860 Early Republic to Antebellum: Difference between revisions

US History timeline & concept chart: 1789-1860 Early Republic to Antebellum (view source)

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'''BIG IDEAS'''
'''BIG IDEAS'''
* Washington administration challenges
* Washington administration challenges & precedents
* assertion of federal powers
* Hamilton-Jefferson split
* Hamilton-Jefferson split
* rise of political parties
* rise of political parties
'''DETAILS'''
'''DETAILS'''
* Washington presidency
'''Washington presidency, 1789-1797'''
** the reluctant President; in 1788, Washington wrote:
* the reluctant President
click EXPAND for excerpt from Washington expressing his reluctance to become president
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
in 1788, Washington wrote:
<pre>I should unfeignedly rejoice, in case the Electors, by giving their votes to another person would save me from the dreaded dilemma of being forced to accept or refuse... If that may not be–I am, in the next place, earnestly desirous of searching out the truth, and knowing whether there does not exist a probability that the government would be just as happily and effectually carried into execution without my aid."</pre> ([https://washingtonpapers.org/resources/articles/first-presidents-election-was-the-last-thing-he-wanted/ First President’s Election Was the Last Thing He Wanted (washingtonpapers.org)]
<pre>I should unfeignedly rejoice, in case the Electors, by giving their votes to another person would save me from the dreaded dilemma of being forced to accept or refuse... If that may not be–I am, in the next place, earnestly desirous of searching out the truth, and knowing whether there does not exist a probability that the government would be just as happily and effectually carried into execution without my aid."</pre> ([https://washingtonpapers.org/resources/articles/first-presidents-election-was-the-last-thing-he-wanted/ First President’s Election Was the Last Thing He Wanted (washingtonpapers.org)]
Upon election in 1791, Washington wrote that he had give up "all expectations of private happiness in this world." (https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/george-washington-the-reluctant-president-49492/ George Washington: The Reluctant President (Smithsonian Magazine)]
Upon election in 1791, Washington wrote that he had give up "all expectations of private happiness in this world." (https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/george-washington-the-reluctant-president-49492/ George Washington: The Reluctant President (Smithsonian Magazine)]
** primary goals:
* Washington's primary goals:
*** establish precedents for the office of the President, esp. regarding
** establish precedents for the office of the President, esp. regarding
**** manner, authority, establishing constitutional arrangements  
*** manner, authority, establishing constitutional arrangements  
*** establish and protect the powers of the executive branch
** establish and protect the powers of the executive branch
*** ensure popular support for new government
** ensure popular support for new government
**** tours of 1789, 1790, 1791 were designed to promote national unity, display presidency, and promote his policies
*** tours of 1789, 1790, 1791 were designed to promote national unity, display presidency, and promote his policies
* election of 1789
'''election of 1789'''
** prior to the 12th amendment (1803), the President and Vice President were selected by 1st and 2nd place in the Electoral College, with each Elector casting two votes
* prior to the 12th amendment (1803), the President and Vice President were selected by 1st and 2nd place in the Electoral College, with each Elector casting two votes
** Washington received a unanimous 69 votes (one from each Elector)
* Washington received a unanimous 69 votes (one from each Elector)
** John Adams won 2nd place with 34 votes, with rest split between ten other candidates
* John Adams won 2nd place with 34 votes, with rest split between ten other candidates
* Bill of Rights adopted 1791 (BOR)
'''Bill of Rights adopted 1791 (BOR)'''
** agreement between Federalists and Anti-Federalist in adopting the Constitution in 1789
* agreement between Federalists and Anti-Federalist in adopting the Constitution in 1789
** BOR limits federal power
* BOR limits federal power
*** application of BOR to state laws comes in late 19th/ early 20th centures  
** application of BOR to state laws comes in late 19th/ early 20th centures  
*** = “incorporation” of the Bill of Rights  
** = “incorporation” of the Bill of Rights  
** Constitution was for the federal government only
* Constitution was for the federal government only
** 14th amendment starts the process of “incorporating” the Constitution, esp. BOR into state law
* 14th amendment starts the process of “incorporating” the Constitution, esp. BOR into state law
* Hamilton-Jefferson split
'''Hamilton-Jefferson split'''
** thought to be largely over enactment of the First National Bank
* thought to be largely over enactment of the First National Bank
*** Jefferson vehemently opposed a national bank, fearing its impact on sectional divisions
** Jefferson vehemently opposed a national bank, fearing its impact on sectional divisions
*** Washington reluctantly signed the bill following Hamilton's advice
** Washington reluctantly signed the bill following Hamilton's advice
* Hamilton's 1791 "'''Report on Manufactures'''"
'''Hamilton's 1791 "Report on Manufactures"'''
** argued for federal support of domestic industry, including
* argued for federal support of domestic industry, including
*** protective tariffs
** protective tariffs
*** promote skilled labor immigration
** promote skilled labor immigration
*** federal investment in transportation infrastructure
** federal investment in transportation infrastructure
*** laid basis for basic political/ ideological split  
** laid basis for basic political/ ideological split  
* political parties arise:
''' rise of Political parties'''
* Founders used the term "faction"
* Federalists:  
* Federalists:  
** Adams, Hamilton
** Adams, Hamilton
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** Jefferson, Madison
** Jefferson, Madison
*** anti-national bank, states’ rights, interpret constitution strictly, pro farming, pro-French
*** anti-national bank, states’ rights, interpret constitution strictly, pro farming, pro-French
* Constitutional interpretation:
''' Constitutional interpretation'''
** enumerated powers
* enumerated powers
** implied powers
* implied powers
** strict construction (word for word) << Jefferson/Madison interpretation
* strict construction (word for word) << Jefferson/Madison interpretation
** enumerated powers: powers specifically listed in Constitution
* enumerated powers: powers specifically listed in Constitution
*** “necessary and proper” = implied powers required to enforce enumerated powers
** “necessary and proper” = implied powers required to enforce enumerated powers
*** broad or loose construction (interpreted) << Hamilton, Adams interpretation
** broad or loose construction (interpreted) << Hamilton, Adams interpretation
*** interpreted “necessary and proper” loosely, expansively
** interpreted “necessary and proper” loosely, expansively
* French Revolution & domestic U.S. politics
'''French Revolution & domestic U.S. politics'''
** Americans were largely sympathetic with French Revolution
* Americans were largely sympathetic with French Revolution
*** especially as anti-British
** especially as anti-British
** 1793  "Citizen Genet" affair
* "Citizen Genet" affair, 1793
*** French government sent Edmond-Charles Genêt to the U.S. to  
** French government sent Edmond-Charles Genêt to the U.S. to  
**** build support for its cause  
*** build support for its cause  
*** promote anti-British sentiments & encourage American attacks on British merchant ships
** promote anti-British sentiments & encourage American attacks on British merchant ships
**** by issuing "letters of marque and reprisal," which legalized attacks on British ships on behalf of France
**** by issuing "letters of marque and reprisal," which legalized attacks on British ships on behalf of France
*** Washington infuriated by the interference  
** Washington infuriated by the interference  
**** issued the '''Proclamation of Neutrality''' on April 22, 1793 stating the America was neutral in the French / British conflict  
*** issued the '''Proclamation of Neutrality''' on April 22, 1793 stating the America was neutral in the French / British conflict  
** '''Jay Treaty'''  
'''Jay Treaty'''  
*** Secretary of State John Jay negotiated a treaty with England that:
* Secretary of State John Jay negotiated a treaty with England that:
**** ensured US neutrality  
** ensured US neutrality  
**** opened US ports to British and British ports in Caribbean to Americans
** opened US ports to British and British ports in Caribbean to Americans
**** British evacuated all remaining Western forts (was part of terms of Treaty of Paris, 1783, ending Revolutionary War)
** British evacuated all remaining Western forts (was part of terms of Treaty of Paris, 1783, ending Revolutionary War)
*** southerners were outraged by the Treaty
** southerners were outraged by the Treaty
*** the Senate approved the treaty and the House appropriated funding for its enactment, but only after bitter debate
** the Senate approved the treaty and the House appropriated funding for its enactment, but only after bitter debate
*** the Jay Treaty episode further solidified the partisan/ ideological divide between Hamiltonians and Jeffersonians
** the Jay Treaty episode further solidified the partisan/ ideological divide between Hamiltonians and Jeffersonians
** Washington declined to run for a 3rd term
'''Washington declined to run for a 3rd term'''
*** = important example of a leader stepping down from power and supporting a peaceful transfer of power  
* = important example of a leader stepping down from power and supporting a peaceful transfer of power  
*** sets precedent for two-term limit for presidents
* sets precedent for two-term limit for presidents
* Washington declines to run for a 3rd term
** precedent was honored until FDR, although Teddy Roosevelt ran for a third term in 1912 (and lost)
** = important example of a leader stepping down from power and supporting a peaceful transfer of power
'''Washington's "Farewell Address"
** sets precedent for two-term limit for presidents
* a "valedictory address" (via written statement) to the American people in order to articulate his most important advice:
*** was honored until FDR, although Teddy Roosevelt ran for a third term in 1912 (and lost)
* Washington's '''Farewell Address'''
** a "valedictory address" (via written statement) to the American people in order to articulate his most important advice:
** follow the Constitution (rule of law) in order to ensure "that your union and brotherly affection may be perpetual"
** follow the Constitution (rule of law) in order to ensure "that your union and brotherly affection may be perpetual"
*** especially in order to resolve differences  
*** especially in order to resolve differences  
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