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Parts of speech: Difference between revisions
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** "on the table" = prepositional phrase | ** "on the table" = prepositional phrase | ||
=== prepositional phrases & verb types === | |||
* '''transitive verb''' = must be accompanied by an object | * '''transitive verb''' = must be accompanied by an object | ||
** the preposition will not be the direct object | ** the preposition will not be the direct object | ||
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*** ''He is a doctor '''in Nebraska''''' | *** ''He is a doctor '''in Nebraska''''' | ||
==== "overlapping" grammatical roles for prepositions | === prepositional phrase as modifier === | ||
* prepositional phrases act like adjectives or adverbs to modify nouns or verbs | |||
** therefore, they are not separated from the word they modify by punctuation | |||
** ex. ''The player ran onto the field'' | |||
*** as opposed to ''The player, ran onto the field'' | |||
**** = incorrect comma that separates the verb "ran" from the prepositional phrase "onto the field" | |||
==== modify a noun (as an adjective) ==== | |||
* ''The best books '''in the library''' are in the adventure section'' | |||
** note that there is no punctuation separating "books" from the modifying prepositional phrase, "in the library" | |||
** also called an "adjective phrase" or "adjective prepositional phrase | |||
==== modify a verb (as an adverb): ==== | |||
* ''He stepped onto the porch'' | |||
** "onto the porch" describes how "he stepped" | |||
** so the prepositional phrase acts like an adverb | |||
** sometimes called an "adverbial phrase" | |||
==== as introductory phrase ==== | |||
* prepositional phrases are commonly used to introduce information about the clause that follows | |||
** ex. ''On Tuesdays, I have night classes'' | |||
==== as noun phrase ==== | |||
* prepositional phrases can also act as nouns, usually as the subject of a sentence | |||
** and usually in reference to a location or time that has an action (verb), such as: | |||
*** ''During the summer is the best time to play outside'' | |||
*** ''After I exercise is when I feel best'' | |||
* Sources: | |||
** [https://writer.com/blog/prepositional-phrase/ Prepositional phrases: what they are and examples (writer.com)] | |||
** [https://www.englishgrammar101.com/module-7/prepositions/lesson-6/prepositional-phrases-as-nouns Prepositional Phrases as Nouns(englishgrammar.com)] | |||
** [https://www.brighthubeducation.com/english-homework-help/46995-the-nominal-functions-of-prepositions-and-prepositional-phrases/ How to Use Prepositions as Subjects, Subject Complements, and Direct Objects (brighthub.com)] | |||
** [https://blog.inkforall.com/types-of-prepositions Types of Prepositions (inkforall.com)] | |||
=== "overlapping" grammatical roles for prepositions === | |||
* some words and grammar forms "overlap" or operate in or as multiple grammatical forms | * some words and grammar forms "overlap" or operate in or as multiple grammatical forms | ||
===== "intransitive preposition" | ===== preposition as subordinating conjunction ===== | ||
* = a "conjunctive preposition" | |||
* which is also a "subordinating conjunction" | |||
** compare: ''I got my license '''before last year''''' | |||
*** before= preposition that defines when "I went to school" | |||
** to: ''I got my license '''before last year ended''''' | |||
*** before = combines "I got my license" and "last year ended" and defines which came first | |||
** so we can view "before" as '''subordinating''' the clause, "last year ended," | |||
*** it is a clause because it contains a subject (year) and verb ("ended) | |||
*** and the preposition "before" "subordinates | |||
*** however, since "before" is defining the "when," which is a core function of a preposition, we can call it one, or call it a "conjunctive preposition" when also acting as a [[#subordinating conjunction]]. | |||
** more examples: | |||
*** ''She paid the bill after dinner''vs: | |||
**** ''She paid the bill after she ate dinner'' | |||
*** ''He played like a pro''vs. | |||
**** ''He played like he was a pro'' | |||
==== "intransitive preposition" ==== | |||
* = prepositions may or may not define a "noun phrase" (which prepositions would normally accompany) | * = prepositions may or may not define a "noun phrase" (which prepositions would normally accompany) | ||
* intransitive prepositions do not need a noun or noun phrase | * intransitive prepositions do not need a noun or noun phrase | ||
* i.e., they act as '''adverb modifiers''' or '''subject complements''' | * i.e., they act as '''adverb modifiers''' or '''subject complements''' | ||
* most dictionaries qualify intransitive prepositions as adverbs, such as "abroad," "now," "until" | * most dictionaries qualify '''intransitive prepositions''' as adverbs, such as "abroad," "now," "until" | ||
** ex. of intransitive preposition: | ** ex. of intransitive preposition: ''They went ahead'' or ''The dog is outside'' | ||
** with a noun these would be more clearly prepositions: | ** with a noun these would be more clearly prepositions: | ||
*** ''They went ahead of the others'' or ''The dog is outside the fence'' | *** ''They went ahead of the others'' or ''The dog is outside the fence'' | ||
=== | === Preposition as "particle" (w/o object complement)=== | ||
* ''particles'' are words that don't fit into the general categories of parts of speech | * ''particles'' are words that don't fit into the general categories of parts of speech | ||
** the most common are prepositions that do not have an object | ** the most common are prepositions that do not have an object | ||