Jump to content

Parts of speech: Difference between revisions

Line 542: Line 542:
* compound prepositions:
* compound prepositions:
** ''ahead of, apart from, by means of, due to, from above (etc.) , in excess of, in front of, in regard to, prior to, similar to, with reference to, etc.''
** ''ahead of, apart from, by means of, due to, from above (etc.) , in excess of, in front of, in regard to, prior to, similar to, with reference to, etc.''
* categories of prepositions:
 
=== categories of prepositions ===
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Some types or categories of prepositions
|+ Some types or categories of prepositions
Line 662: Line 663:
=== prepositional phrase ===
=== prepositional phrase ===
* = a phrase created by a preposition + its object
* = a phrase created by a preposition + its object
* = dependent clauses, so are separated from a main or dominant clause by a comma
** (a phrase = two or more words that do not contain a subject + verb)
* prepositional phrases that modify verbs are called ""adverbial phrases"  
* ex.: ''the book is '''on the table'''''
* see
** "on" = preposition
** [[https://writer.com/blog/prepositional-phrase/ Prepositional phrases: what they are and examples (writer.com)]]
** "table" = object of the preposition, "on"
** "on the table" = prepositional phrase
 
==== prepositional phrase as modifier ====
* prepositional phrases act like adjectives or adverbs to modify nouns or verbs
** therefore, they are not separated from the word they modify by punctuation
** ex. ''The player ran onto the field''
*** as opposed to ''The player, ran onto the field''
**** = incorrect comma that separates the verb "ran" from the prepositional phrase "onto the field"
 
* modifying a noun:
** ''The best books '''in the library''' are in the adventure section''
*** note that there is no punctuation separating "books" from the modifying prepositional phrase, "in the library"
* modifying a verb:
** ''He stepped onto the porch''
*** "onto the porch" describes how "he stepped"
*** so the prepositional phrase acts like an adverb
*** sometimes called an "adverbial phrase"
*
*
see [[https://writer.com/blog/prepositional-phrase/ Prepositional phrases: what they are and examples (writer.com)]]
=== other exceptions ===
=== other exceptions ===
* prepositional phrases can also act as nouns, usually as the subject of a sentence
* prepositional phrases can also act as nouns, usually as the subject of a sentence
Line 677: Line 698:


=== Prepositions as adverbs & subordinating conjunctions ===
=== Prepositions as adverbs & subordinating conjunctions ===
* prepositions and verb types:
 
** '''transitive verb''' = must be accompanied by an object
==== prepositions and verb types: ====
*** the preposition will not be the direct object
* '''transitive verb''' = must be accompanied by an object
**** ''I give a bone '''to the dog'''''
** the preposition will not be the direct object
** '''intransitive verb''' = does not take an object
*** ''I give a bone '''to the dog'''''
*** the preposition will act as an adverb (modifier) of the intransitive verb:
* '''intransitive verb''' = does not take an object
**** He waits '''''for the bus'''''
** the preposition will act as an adverb (modifier) of the intransitive verb:
***** the prepositional phrase doesn't match the subject; instead if modifies the verb "waits"
*** He waits '''''for the bus'''''
** '''linking verb''' = does not need an object  
**** the prepositional phrase doesn't match the subject; instead if modifies the verb "waits"
*** linking verbs include ''is, become, seem, smell'', etc.
* '''linking verb''' = does not need an object  
**** they do not take an adverb
** linking verbs include ''is, become, seem, smell'', etc.
***** i.e., "You seem happily" makes no sense
*** they do not take an adverb
***** instead, "You seem happy"
**** i.e., "You seem happily" makes no sense
****** "happy" = '''subject complement adjective'''  
**** instead, "You seem happy"
**** linking verbs "link" to a noun or adjective
***** "happy" = '''subject complement adjective'''  
***** "I feel happy" or "He is a doctor"
*** linking verbs "link" to a noun or adjective
*** as a modifier the prepositional phrase adds additional information to the '''subject complement noun'''
**** "I feel happy" or "He is a doctor"
**** ''I feel happy '''about my test'''''
** as a modifier the '''prepositional phrase''' adds additional information to the '''subject complement noun'''
**** ''He is a doctor '''in Nebraska'''''
*** ''I feel happy '''about my test'''''
* "overlapping" grammatical roles for prepositions
*** ''He is a doctor '''in Nebraska'''''
** some words and grammar forms "overlap" or operate in or as multiple grammatical forms
 
* "intransitive preposition"
==== "overlapping" grammatical roles for prepositions ====
** = prepositions may or may not define a "noun phrase" (which prepositions would normally accompany)
* some words and grammar forms "overlap" or operate in or as multiple grammatical forms
** intransitive prepositions do not need a noun or noun phrase
 
** i.e., they act as '''adverb modifiers''' or '''subject complements'''
===== "intransitive preposition" =====
* = prepositions may or may not define a "noun phrase" (which prepositions would normally accompany)
* intransitive prepositions do not need a noun or noun phrase
* i.e., they act as '''adverb modifiers''' or '''subject complements'''
 
* most dictionaries qualify intransitive prepositions as adverbs, such as "abroad," "now," "until"
* most dictionaries qualify intransitive prepositions as adverbs, such as "abroad," "now," "until"
** ex. of intransitive preposition: "They went ahead" or "The dog is outside"
** ex. of intransitive preposition: "They went ahead" or "The dog is outside"
** with a noun these would be more clearly prepositions:  
** with a noun these would be more clearly prepositions:  
*** "They went ahead of the others" or "The dog is outside the fence"
*** ''They went ahead of the others'' or ''The dog is outside the fence''
* overlap of prepositions and subordinating conjunctions
 
===== overlap of prepositions and subordinating conjunctions =====
* = a "conjunctive preposition"
* = a "conjunctive preposition"
** ex.: "I got my license before last year" (before= preposition that defines when "I went to school")
** ex.: "I got my license before last year" (before= preposition that defines when "I went to school")