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Parts of speech: Difference between revisions
→Prepositions as adverbs & subordinating conjunctions
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* compound prepositions: | * compound prepositions: | ||
** ''ahead of, apart from, by means of, due to, from above (etc.) , in excess of, in front of, in regard to, prior to, similar to, with reference to, etc.'' | ** ''ahead of, apart from, by means of, due to, from above (etc.) , in excess of, in front of, in regard to, prior to, similar to, with reference to, etc.'' | ||
=== categories of prepositions === | |||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|+ Some types or categories of prepositions | |+ Some types or categories of prepositions | ||
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=== prepositional phrase === | === prepositional phrase === | ||
* = a phrase created by a preposition + its object | * = a phrase created by a preposition + its object | ||
* = | ** (a phrase = two or more words that do not contain a subject + verb) | ||
* prepositional | * ex.: ''the book is '''on the table''''' | ||
* | ** "on" = preposition | ||
* | ** "table" = object of the preposition, "on" | ||
** "on the table" = prepositional phrase | |||
==== prepositional phrase as modifier ==== | |||
* prepositional phrases act like adjectives or adverbs to modify nouns or verbs | |||
** therefore, they are not separated from the word they modify by punctuation | |||
** ex. ''The player ran onto the field'' | |||
*** as opposed to ''The player, ran onto the field'' | |||
**** = incorrect comma that separates the verb "ran" from the prepositional phrase "onto the field" | |||
* modifying a noun: | |||
** ''The best books '''in the library''' are in the adventure section'' | |||
*** note that there is no punctuation separating "books" from the modifying prepositional phrase, "in the library" | |||
* modifying a verb: | |||
** ''He stepped onto the porch'' | |||
*** "onto the porch" describes how "he stepped" | |||
*** so the prepositional phrase acts like an adverb | |||
*** sometimes called an "adverbial phrase" | |||
* | |||
* | |||
see [[https://writer.com/blog/prepositional-phrase/ Prepositional phrases: what they are and examples (writer.com)]] | |||
=== other exceptions === | === other exceptions === | ||
* prepositional phrases can also act as nouns, usually as the subject of a sentence | * prepositional phrases can also act as nouns, usually as the subject of a sentence | ||
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=== Prepositions as adverbs & subordinating conjunctions === | === Prepositions as adverbs & subordinating conjunctions === | ||
==== prepositions and verb types: ==== | |||
* '''transitive verb''' = must be accompanied by an object | |||
** the preposition will not be the direct object | |||
*** ''I give a bone '''to the dog''''' | |||
* '''intransitive verb''' = does not take an object | |||
** the preposition will act as an adverb (modifier) of the intransitive verb: | |||
*** He waits '''''for the bus''''' | |||
**** the prepositional phrase doesn't match the subject; instead if modifies the verb "waits" | |||
* '''linking verb''' = does not need an object | |||
** linking verbs include ''is, become, seem, smell'', etc. | |||
*** they do not take an adverb | |||
**** i.e., "You seem happily" makes no sense | |||
**** instead, "You seem happy" | |||
***** "happy" = '''subject complement adjective''' | |||
*** linking verbs "link" to a noun or adjective | |||
**** "I feel happy" or "He is a doctor" | |||
** as a modifier the '''prepositional phrase''' adds additional information to the '''subject complement noun''' | |||
*** ''I feel happy '''about my test''''' | |||
*** ''He is a doctor '''in Nebraska''''' | |||
==== "overlapping" grammatical roles for prepositions ==== | |||
* some words and grammar forms "overlap" or operate in or as multiple grammatical forms | |||
===== "intransitive preposition" ===== | |||
* = prepositions may or may not define a "noun phrase" (which prepositions would normally accompany) | |||
* intransitive prepositions do not need a noun or noun phrase | |||
* i.e., they act as '''adverb modifiers''' or '''subject complements''' | |||
* most dictionaries qualify intransitive prepositions as adverbs, such as "abroad," "now," "until" | * most dictionaries qualify intransitive prepositions as adverbs, such as "abroad," "now," "until" | ||
** ex. of intransitive preposition: "They went ahead" or "The dog is outside" | ** ex. of intransitive preposition: "They went ahead" or "The dog is outside" | ||
** with a noun these would be more clearly prepositions: | ** with a noun these would be more clearly prepositions: | ||
*** | *** ''They went ahead of the others'' or ''The dog is outside the fence'' | ||
===== overlap of prepositions and subordinating conjunctions ===== | |||
* = a "conjunctive preposition" | * = a "conjunctive preposition" | ||
** ex.: "I got my license before last year" (before= preposition that defines when "I went to school") | ** ex.: "I got my license before last year" (before= preposition that defines when "I went to school") | ||