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* prepositions and verbs
 
** transitive verbs
*** take a direct object, which is a noun
*** therefore, a preposition can only be an indirect object or adverb modifier (modifies a verb)
**** ex. ''I gave the bone '''to the dog'''''
**** such indirect objects are also expressed as, ''I gave the dog a bone''
** intransitive verbs
*** do not take an object
*** the prepositional phrase acts as complement , usually to the verb
**** ''He waits '''for the bus''', She waits '''on slow service'''''
***** to "wait"
**** ''Andrew apologized '''to Jane'''''
**** note here how the preposition creates meaning
***** we say something entirely different with ''Andrew apologized '''for''' Jane''
** linking verbs
*** to be, become, look like
*** do not take adverbs
**** ''He is a doctor'' > "is" cannot be modified
*** instead, linking verbs take "subject complement" nouns and adjectives
**** ''He is a doctor''
***** "doctor" = "subject complement" noun
**** ''That thing is ugly''
***** ugly = subject complement adjective
*** linking verbs can also take prepositional phrases
**** ''He looks like a doctor''
***** "like" = preposition
***** prepositional phrases are not subject complements
****** they are adverb modifiers, i.e., here, "''like a doctor''" modifies the verb "''looks''


* See
* See
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** [[https://www.englishgrammar101.com/module-7/prepositions/lesson-1/prepositions-and-prepositional-phrases Prepositions and Prepositional phrases (englishgrammar101.com)]]
** [[https://www.englishgrammar101.com/module-7/prepositions/lesson-1/prepositions-and-prepositional-phrases Prepositions and Prepositional phrases (englishgrammar101.com)]]
**  
**  
=== Overlap of prepositions, adverbs & subordinating conjunctions ===
=== Verbs and prepositions as adverbs & subordinating conjunctions ===
* some words operate or "overlap" in their grammatical roles
* some grammatical forms or word parts "overlap" grammatical roles
 
** that is they can operate as multiple grammatical forms
click EXPAND for more on the overlap of prepositions & adverbs and prepositions & subordinating conjunctions
* "intransitive preposition"
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* overlap of prepositions and adverbs:
** = "intransitive preposition"
** = prepositions may or may not define a "noun phrase" (which prepositions would normally accompany)
** = prepositions may or may not define a "noun phrase" (which prepositions would normally accompany)
*** note:  
** note:  
**** transitive verb = must be accompanied by an object
*** transitive verb = must be accompanied by an object
**** intransitive verb = does not need an object ("I feel happy")
*** intransitive verb = does not need an object ("I feel happy")
**** so intransitive prepositions do not need a noun or noun phrase
*** so intransitive prepositions do not need a noun or noun phrase
* most dictionaries qualify intransitive prepositions as adverbs, such as "abroad," "now," "until"
* most dictionaries qualify intransitive prepositions as adverbs, such as "abroad," "now," "until"
** ex. of intransitive preposition: "They went ahead" or "The dog is outside"
** ex. of intransitive preposition: "They went ahead" or "The dog is outside"
*** with a noun these would be more clearly prepositions: "They went ahead of the others" or "The dog is outside the fence"
*** with a noun these would be more clearly prepositions: "They went ahead of the others" or "The dog is outside the fence"
* overlap of prepositions and subordinating conjunctions
* overlap of prepositions and subordinating conjunctions
** = a "conjunctive preposition"
* = a "conjunctive preposition"
** ex.: "I got my license before last year" (before= preposition that defines when "I went to school")
** ex.: "I got my license before last year" (before= preposition that defines when "I went to school")
** vs.: "I got my license before last year ended" (before = combines "I got my license" and "last year ended" and defines which came first)
** vs.: "I got my license before last year ended" (before = combines "I got my license" and "last year ended" and defines which came first)
*** we can view "before" as subordinating the phrase, "last year ended," which is technically a complete thought and sentence
** we can view "before" as subordinating the phrase, "last year ended," which is technically a complete thought and sentence
*** however, since "before" is defining the "when," which is a core function of a preposition, we can call it one, or call it a "conjunctive preposition" when also acting as a [[#subordinating conjunction]].
** however, since "before" is defining the "when," which is a core function of a preposition, we can call it one, or call it a "conjunctive preposition" when also acting as a [[#subordinating conjunction]].
** ex.: "She paid the bill after dinner"
** ex.: "She paid the bill after dinner"
** vs.: "She paid the bill after she ate dinner"
** vs.: "She paid the bill after she ate dinner"
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