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Social Studies skills: Difference between revisions
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=== Causal Effects === | === Causal Effects === | ||
=== Minor Effects === | === Minor Effects === | ||
=== Inverse Effects === | |||
=== Unexpected consequence === | |||
== Time, change & continuity == | == Time, change & continuity == | ||
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== Cognitive biases, effects & syndromes == | == Cognitive biases, effects & syndromes == | ||
=== Confirmation bias === | |||
* observer bias limits observations to expected or desired outcomes | |||
* confirmation bias powerfully limits one's ability to see something from a different perspective and, therefore, to evaluate it effectively and accurately | |||
* confirmation bias has significant effects in science, as many, even empirical, studies yield results that the investigators are looking for | |||
** note that confirmation bias may also yield great insight, especially if that bias leads to a new or different perspective that others would not see | |||
=== Dunning–Kruger effect === | === Dunning–Kruger effect === | ||
* the cognitive bias of overestimation of one's own competency and lack of awareness of one's own limited competence | * the cognitive bias of overestimation of one's own competency and lack of awareness of one's own limited competence | ||
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* the Dunning-Kruger effect is observable but not provable | * the Dunning-Kruger effect is observable but not provable | ||
** i.e., it can happen but just because someone does not have competence does not mean that person will draw hasty, broad and wrong conclusions | ** i.e., it can happen but just because someone does not have competence does not mean that person will draw hasty, broad and wrong conclusions | ||
=== Narrative Fallacy === | |||
* a logical error of generality from a specific, in this case of a "narrative" or "story" that would seem to explain a certain outcome, | |||
* yet, another who experienced that same "narrative" would not experience the same outcome | |||
** from Nassim Talib | |||
=== Newspaper paradox === | |||
* following the rule that when you see in the news an event or topic to which you have expertise or experience, the reporting on it will be incorrect, sometimes completely wrong | |||
* however, we don't often apply that same level of inquiry or tests to news we see about things we do not know well or have experienced | |||
** thus the paradox that we accept as true something reported that we know little about, all the while knowing that an expert on or direct witness to that news would know it is inaccurate. | |||
* from Michael Bromley | |||
=== Peter principle === | === Peter principle === | ||
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* similar to the Peter principle, but explains why people are promoted ''above'' their competency | * similar to the Peter principle, but explains why people are promoted ''above'' their competency | ||
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=== Observation bias === | === Observation bias === | ||