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US History timeline & concept chart: 16th-18th centuries (to 1754) British-American colonies: Difference between revisions

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'''DETAILS'''
'''DETAILS'''
=== Protestant Reformation ===
=== Protestant Reformation ===
* subsequent conflict between Catholics & protestants
* 1517 Martin Luther's "protest" against abuses of the Church (the "95 Theses")
** Luther was excommunicated in 1521
*** excommunication means to be denied holy rites, which Catholics believed were necessary in order to go to heaven
*** thus excommunication is the most serious punishment the Catholic church can issue
 
* the Protestant Reformation marked a defining moment in Western European history
** by rejecting Church hierarchy, and professing that individuals can have a direct relationship with God, Protestantism promoted individualism, equality, and political independence
* religious conflict
** protestants considered the papacy an agent of the anti-Christ
** Catholics considered protestants heretics and thus against the Church and God
* subsequent wars between Catholic & protestant people and nations
** Thirty Years War
** Thirty Years War
** French genocide of Huguenots (protestants)  
** French genocide of Huguenots (protestants)
* Protestant Reformation propels European nationalism
* Protestant Reformation propels European nationalism
** printing of the Bible in local dialects
** printing of the Bible in local dialects
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*** behaved like populists with speeches, pamphlets, rallies, etc.
*** behaved like populists with speeches, pamphlets, rallies, etc.
** Anabaptists (opposed infant baptism; included Amish and Mennonite movements)
** Anabaptists (opposed infant baptism; included Amish and Mennonite movements)
* in 1553, the adamantly Catholic Mary Tudor was crowned ruling Queen of England
** Mary attempted to reverse the English Reformation, including to return property that was seized by Henry VIII to the Catholic Church.
** she officially reunited the Churches of England and Ireland to Catholicism
** she is known as "Bloody Mary" for putting to death 283 religious dissenters by burning them at the stake, most for not repudiating Protestantism
*** the burnings were very unpopular and prompted anti-Catholicism sentiment
** Mary was opposed by Parliament and did not succeed in her counter-reformation
* her protestant sister, Elizabeth, succeeded Mary in 1558
** Elizabeth I reversed Mary's counter-reformation
** Parliament passed the '''Act of Supremacy of 1559''' which reestablished the Churches of England and Ireland and declared their independence from papal authority.
*** the Pope excommunicated Elizabeth and all her loyal subjects in 1570
*** England reacted by persecuting Jesuit priests
*** the 1571 "Ridolfi" plot was an unsuccessful Catholic attempt to murder Elizabeth and put the Catholic Mary Queen of Scots on the throne
**** Elizabeth subsequently cracked down on pro-Catholic agitators and sympathizers
=== Thirty Years War, 1618-1648 ===
=== Thirty Years War, 1618-1648 ===
* European war between Catholic and protestant nations & regions, mostly in central Europe
* European war between Catholic and protestant nations & regions, mostly in central Europe
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** English '''Bill of Rights of 1689'''
** English '''Bill of Rights of 1689'''
*** clarified royal succession & protected certain rights of citizens
*** clarified royal succession & protected certain rights of citizens
 
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