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US History timeline & concept chart: 16th-18th centuries (to 1754) British-American colonies: Difference between revisions
US History timeline & concept chart: 16th-18th centuries (to 1754) British-American colonies (view source)
Revision as of 18:00, 26 October 2021
, 26 October 2021→Article objectives
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'''DETAILS''' | '''DETAILS''' | ||
=== Protestant Reformation === | === Protestant Reformation === | ||
* subsequent | * 1517 Martin Luther's "protest" against abuses of the Church (the "95 Theses") | ||
** Luther was excommunicated in 1521 | |||
*** excommunication means to be denied holy rites, which Catholics believed were necessary in order to go to heaven | |||
*** thus excommunication is the most serious punishment the Catholic church can issue | |||
* the Protestant Reformation marked a defining moment in Western European history | |||
** by rejecting Church hierarchy, and professing that individuals can have a direct relationship with God, Protestantism promoted individualism, equality, and political independence | |||
* religious conflict | |||
** protestants considered the papacy an agent of the anti-Christ | |||
** Catholics considered protestants heretics and thus against the Church and God | |||
* subsequent wars between Catholic & protestant people and nations | |||
** Thirty Years War | ** Thirty Years War | ||
** French genocide of Huguenots (protestants) | ** French genocide of Huguenots (protestants) | ||
* Protestant Reformation propels European nationalism | * Protestant Reformation propels European nationalism | ||
** printing of the Bible in local dialects | ** printing of the Bible in local dialects | ||
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*** behaved like populists with speeches, pamphlets, rallies, etc. | *** behaved like populists with speeches, pamphlets, rallies, etc. | ||
** Anabaptists (opposed infant baptism; included Amish and Mennonite movements) | ** Anabaptists (opposed infant baptism; included Amish and Mennonite movements) | ||
* in 1553, the adamantly Catholic Mary Tudor was crowned ruling Queen of England | |||
** Mary attempted to reverse the English Reformation, including to return property that was seized by Henry VIII to the Catholic Church. | |||
** she officially reunited the Churches of England and Ireland to Catholicism | |||
** she is known as "Bloody Mary" for putting to death 283 religious dissenters by burning them at the stake, most for not repudiating Protestantism | |||
*** the burnings were very unpopular and prompted anti-Catholicism sentiment | |||
** Mary was opposed by Parliament and did not succeed in her counter-reformation | |||
* her protestant sister, Elizabeth, succeeded Mary in 1558 | |||
** Elizabeth I reversed Mary's counter-reformation | |||
** Parliament passed the '''Act of Supremacy of 1559''' which reestablished the Churches of England and Ireland and declared their independence from papal authority. | |||
*** the Pope excommunicated Elizabeth and all her loyal subjects in 1570 | |||
*** England reacted by persecuting Jesuit priests | |||
*** the 1571 "Ridolfi" plot was an unsuccessful Catholic attempt to murder Elizabeth and put the Catholic Mary Queen of Scots on the throne | |||
**** Elizabeth subsequently cracked down on pro-Catholic agitators and sympathizers | |||
=== Thirty Years War, 1618-1648 === | === Thirty Years War, 1618-1648 === | ||
* European war between Catholic and protestant nations & regions, mostly in central Europe | * European war between Catholic and protestant nations & regions, mostly in central Europe | ||
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** English '''Bill of Rights of 1689''' | ** English '''Bill of Rights of 1689''' | ||
*** clarified royal succession & protected certain rights of citizens | *** clarified royal succession & protected certain rights of citizens | ||
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