US History timeline & concept chart: 1860s-1900: Difference between revisions

US History timeline & concept chart: 1860s-1900 (view source)

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→‎1890s Cleveland & McKinley administrations

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   > “Boss Tweed” = corrupt NYC mayor, 1870s, finally jailed in 1878
   >> Thomas Nast drew cartoons criticized Tweed & corruption
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-=== close of the frontier & Indian wars ===
+=== close of the frontier  ===
-- By 1890, ND, SK, WA, MT were states
-- Little Bighorn: Sioux tribes opposed western settlements; US Army sent to oppose them, leading to battle of Little Bighorn, which marked the end of Indian resistance to U.S. western expansion
+* railroads connected East to West coasts
-- Ghost Dance movement 1890: Indian revivalist movement that preached liberation of Indians from US occupation
+* railroads, trolleys, electricity, telegraphs, etc. spread across country
-- Wounded Knee: battle between Federal troops and Indians, many from the Ghost Dance movement, massacre of the Indians who resisted
+* “standardized time” adopted to manage rail schedules
-- railroads had connected the West to the East
+** "time zones" created
- > “standardized time” adopted to manage rail schedules, leading to time zones
+* by 1890, ND, SK, WA, MT were states
-- Note: Turner Frontier Thesis: a 20th century historian claimed that the “closing” of the frontier, i.e. filling up the country, changed America because the frontier had allowed the country to grow, promoted democracy and gave opportunity to people moving west; and that the “closing” of the frontier reduced those aspects
+* Turner "Frontier Thesis:"
-Urbanization
+** Turner, a 20th century historian, claimed that the “closing” of the frontier, i.e. filling up the country had changed America
+** because the frontier had allowed the country to grow, promoted democracy and gave opportunity to people moving west
+** and “closing” of the frontier reduced those aspects
+*
+=== Indian wars ===
+* Little Bighorn
+** Sioux tribes opposed western settlements
+** US Army sent to oppose them, leading to battle of Little Bighorn
+** US Army famously defeated
+*** marked the end of Indian resistance to U.S. western expansion
+***
-=== subheading
+=== Ghost Dance movement 1890 ===
-* >>details
+* Indian revivalist movement
+* preached liberation of Indians from US occupation
+*
+=== Wounded Knee ===
+* battle between Federal troops and Indians
+* many from the Ghost Dance movement
+* massacre of the Indians who resisted
+=== Urbanization ===
+* urban industrialization
+* attracted immigrants and domestic migrants
+*
+=== Industrialism ===
+* rapid economic growth leads to creation of big companies
+* industrialist personalities
+** Andrew Carnegie, steel
+** John Rockefeller, oil
+** JP Morgan, banking
+* holding companies” buy multiple companies to control an industry
+* '''mass production''' and '''assembly line''' production
+** = mechanized, automated factories with thousands of workers
+=== Monopolies &  Sherman Anti-Trust law, 1890 ===
+* 	monopolies = “horizontal integration”
+** = controlling an industry
+** versus “vertical integration
+** = controlling all aspects of a business (raw materials, supply chains, manufacture, sale
+* 	railroads are “natural monopolies” because
+** 	railroads require government support to take land to build
+** 	they control the tracks they built
+** 	resentment over rail construction
+** 	resentment over rail prices along routes, especially to move farm products
+* '''Sherman Anti-Trust Law of 1890''' passed to outlaw monopolies
+** made illegal actions “in restraint of trade”
+** targeted “combinations” (holding companies, conglomerates)
+=== Gilded Age ===
+* Gilded Age” = named by Mark Twain as time of huge wealth and ridiculous displays of the wealth (“gilded”) - “Gospel of wealth” = Andrew Carnegie theory that in exchange for wealth created by markets, the rich should give back to society via philanthropy
+* charity and charitable donations
+** Carnegie built libraries across the country
+* Conspicuous Consumption
+** << to do
-Industrialism
+=== Social Darwinism ===
-Gilded Age
+* '''= Charles Darwin'''<nowiki/>'s "theory of evolution" applied to social and economic outcomes
-Monopolies /
+* the term "social Darwinism" was first used by Joseph Fisher in 1877 in reference to the development of land use and ownership in Ireland
-Anti-Trust
+** Fisher used the term to dispute that cattle use and ownership in Ireland was related to land ownership (tenure"
+** but the term caught on with the larger meaning that "natural selection" in plants and animals also occurs in human societies
+* '''Herbert Spencer''' promoted the idea of "'''''survival of the fittest''"'''
+** = that:
+*** social & economic outcomes are related to race
+*** races have inherent abilities that define social outcomes
+*** science can predict social outcomes based on race
+*** = related to the earlier theories of "phrenology" that claimed that the size of the skull marked intelligence (early 1800s)
+* economic application:
+** = competition will lead to the survival of the fittest
-	- railroads, trolleys, electricity, telegraphs, etc. spread across country
-  > railroads are “natural monopolies” because they control the railroad they built
-  >> also, railroads require government support to take land to build
-  >>> resentment over rail construction
-  >>> resentment over rail prices along routes, especially to move farm products
-- rapid economic growth leads to creation of big companies
-  > Andrew Carnegie, steel, John Rockefeller, oil, etc.
-  > “holding companies” buy multiple companies to control an industry
-   >> monopolies = “horizontal integration” = controlling an industry
-     >>> versus “vertical integration” = controlling all aspects of a business (raw materials, supply chains, manufacture, sale)
--Sherman Anti-Trust Law of 1890 passed to outlaw monopolies
- > made illegal actions “in restraint of trade” , especially “combinations” (holding companies, conglomerates)
-- “mass production” and “assembly line” production = mechanized, automated factories with thousands of workers
-- “Social Darwinism” = competition will lead to the survival of the fittest companies
-- “laissez faire”= “let it be” = let markets run themselves
-- “Gilded Age” = named by Mark Twain as time of huge wealth and ridiculous displays of the wealth (“gilded”)
-- “Gospel of wealth” = Andrew Carnegie theory that in exchange for wealth created by markets, the rich should give back to society via philanthropy
- >> Carnegie built libraries across the country
 Labor movements
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 > many Americans blame immigrants for the agitation
+<nowiki>===  Populism ===</nowiki>
-=== subheading
+* movement
 * >>details
 === subheading
 * >>details
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-=== subheading
+<nowiki>=== tariff disputes ===</nowiki>
+* Wilson-Gorman Tariff, 1894
+** reduced rates
+** imposed income tax to make up for lost revenue from lower tariffs
+** the Supreme Court ruled the income tax unconstitutional
+*** not a "direct tax" since the income tax varied by income
+*** (the Constitution required that a "direct tax" be equally applied to all citizens)
+*** in the landmark case ''Pollock v. Farmers' Loan & Trust Co.'' the Supreme Court ruled that the income tax was an "unapportioned direct tax"
+*
 * >>details
 Imperialism
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 === subheading
 * >>details
+|-
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