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US History timeline & concept chart: 1789-1860 Early Republic to Antebellum: Difference between revisions

US History timeline & concept chart: 1789-1860 Early Republic to Antebellum (view source)

Revision as of 13:53, 14 May 2021

17,060 bytes added ,  14 May 2021
→‎1870s Grant & Hayes administrations
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Railroads connect to the West
Railroads connect to the West


- By 1890, ND, SK, WA, MT were states
 
- Little Bighorn: Sioux tribes opposed western settlements; US Army sent to oppose them, leading to battle of Little Bighorn, which marked the end of Indian resistance to U.S. western expansion
- Ghost Dance movement: Indian revivalist movement that preached liberation of Indians from US occupation
- Wounded Knee: battle between Federal troops and Indians, many from the Ghost Dance movement, massacre of the Indians who resisted
- railroads had connected the West to the East
> “standardized time” adopted to manage rail schedules, leading to time zones
- Note: Turner Frontier Thesis: a 20th century historian claimed that the “closing” of the frontier, i.e. filling up the country, changed America because the frontier had allowed the country to grow, promoted democracy and gave opportunity to people moving west; and that the “closing” of the frontier reduced those aspects
Urbanization


Immigration drives urban growth
Immigration drives urban growth


Political Machines in northern cities Growth of cites, especially New York
Political Machines in northern cities
 
Growth of cites, especially New York
- rail and trolly networks lead to and through cities = growth
- rail and trolly networks lead to and through cities = growth
- immigration explodes: pay better in the U.S. than home countries
- immigration explodes: pay better in the U.S. than home countries
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== 1880s  .> administrations ==
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== 1870s-1890s concepts, themes & trends ==
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=== close of the frontier & Indian wars ===
- By 1890, ND, SK, WA, MT were states
- Little Bighorn: Sioux tribes opposed western settlements; US Army sent to oppose them, leading to battle of Little Bighorn, which marked the end of Indian resistance to U.S. western expansion
- Ghost Dance movement 1890: Indian revivalist movement that preached liberation of Indians from US occupation
- Wounded Knee: battle between Federal troops and Indians, many from the Ghost Dance movement, massacre of the Indians who resisted
- railroads had connected the West to the East
> “standardized time” adopted to manage rail schedules, leading to time zones
- Note: Turner Frontier Thesis: a 20th century historian claimed that the “closing” of the frontier, i.e. filling up the country, changed America because the frontier had allowed the country to grow, promoted democracy and gave opportunity to people moving west; and that the “closing” of the frontier reduced those aspects
Urbanization
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Industrialism
Gilded Age
Monopolies /
Anti-Trust
- railroads, trolleys, electricity, telegraphs, etc. spread across country
> railroads are “natural monopolies” because they control the railroad they built
  >> also, railroads require government support to take land to build
  >>> resentment over rail construction
  >>> resentment over rail prices along routes, especially to move farm products
- rapid economic growth leads to creation of big companies
  > Andrew Carnegie, steel, John Rockefeller, oil, etc.
  > “holding companies” buy multiple companies to control an industry
  >> monopolies = “horizontal integration” = controlling an industry
    >>> versus “vertical integration” = controlling all aspects of a business (raw materials, supply chains, manufacture, sale)
-Sherman Anti-Trust Law of 1890 passed to outlaw monopolies
> made illegal actions “in restraint of trade” , especially “combinations” (holding companies, conglomerates)
- “mass production” and “assembly line” production = mechanized, automated factories with thousands of workers
- “Social Darwinism” = competition will lead to the survival of the fittest companies
- “laissez faire”= “let it be” = let markets run themselves
- “Gilded Age” = named by Mark Twain as time of huge wealth and ridiculous displays of the wealth (“gilded”)
- “Gospel of wealth” = Andrew Carnegie theory that in exchange for wealth created by markets, the rich should give back to society via philanthropy
>> Carnegie built libraries across the country
Labor movements
Unionization
Rights of workers
Strikes (and legality of them)
- Knights of Labor, started 1869, to organized urban factory workers and demand better working conditions, pay, and prohibition on child labor (under age 14)
- Haymarket Square Riot, 1886: labor activists set off bomb that killed police, turned popular support against labor
- Homestead Strike, 1892, steel factory strike put down by private army that killed several strikers
> Pinkerton Detectives: hired by factory owners to put down strikes, protect strike-breakers (“scabs”)
- Pullman Palace Car Factory strike, 1894: first national strike, when one strike was joined by others and rail travel was shut down
- Labor movements split between:
> socialists, led by Eugene Debs, who wanted to overthrow capitalism
> trade unions, especially American Federation of Labor (AFL), led by Samuel Gompers, who denounced revolution and sought to negotiate with industry to raise wages and better work conditions
>> AFL restricted union membership to white men, mostly, excluding blacks and many immigrants
Populist Movements
What about the little guy?
Hard v. Soft Money
Gold v. Silver
Small famers want to pay debts in silver
Wm J. Bryan: “Cross of Gold Speech” - as the national economy become more interconnected, railroads, markets, grain prices, etc. become local issues dependent upon national systems
> as result, local interests organized into movements to defend the interests of farmers, especially, versus the railroads and industrial companies
> key was debt: farmers wanted “soft money” (silver) debt instead of “hard money” debt (gold)
- Silver arose as an issue because of huge mines discovered that led to flood of silver into the markets, inflating the price of silver (thus soft money) versus gold, which was more scarce and kept its value
- Grange Movement, starting 1867, grew as “cooperatives” and political candidates to represent the interest of farmers
- Farmer’s Alliances: grew out of Grange and extended more into politics
- People’s Party: grew out of the Farmer’s alliances into a full political party
> movement made up of small farmers mostly from the Midwest
> 1892 election: Omaha platform called for silver money, government takeover of railroads and telegraphs, income tax, labor reform
- Socialists party arose I n1894, but was less influential
> leader was Eugene Debs
- William Jennings Bryan became Democratic party candidate in 1896, 1900 and 1908, largely by adopting the platform of the Grange/People’s party
>> Bryan: “Cross of gold” speech became famous argument for “soft money, ie silver
>> 1890s: silver mines in CO & NV
Reform movements
Women’s rights
Urban reform
Anti-corruption
Workplace reform
Child Labor reform
- urban reformers, including:
> Jane Addams and “Hull House” to help working mothers
- newspapers & “yellow journalism”
> highlighted social problems
> exaggerated or created scandals to sell more papers
- Women’s Suffrage movement
> movement advances into 1890s
> Susan B. Anthony promoted women’s suffrage amendment
> American Suffrage Association won victories in various states for participation of women in state elections
- beginnings of the Progressive movement
Radical movements
Socialism, anarchism, radicalism
> anarchy, socialism, political agitation campaigns were common during this time, as some segments of society were not able to process changes in the economy and social structure (from farm to industry, from artisan to factory worker)
> industrial strikes were sources of agitation and infiltration by radical groups into labor movements
> President McKinley was assassinated in 1901 by an anarchist
> most Americans were against violence but many Americans did worry about the meaning and impact of social and economic changes going on around them
> many Americans blame immigrants for the agitation
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== 1890s Cleveland & McKinley administrations ==
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Imperialism
Expanding Democracy or just capitalism? - Alfred Mahan “Influence of Sea Power” (1890)
> argued for need for navy to enforce access to foreign ports for trade
> logic is: strong navy allows for imperialism which creates need for strong navy
> coaling stations in Hawaii in order to allow boats to cross the Pacific
  >> to support American commerce w/ Asia
- Spanish-American war, 1898
> Cuban revolutionaries appealed to Americans for help for independence from Spain
> “remember the Maine” << USS Maine blew up at Havana harbor
> Yellow journalism promoted the war, blaming Spanish for blowing up the Maine
> US attacked Spanish holdings in Cuba, Puerto Rico & Philippines, turning each into US possessions
> “Treaty of Paris” 1898, US agreed to independence for Cuba and possession of Puerto Rico, Philippines and Guam (Pacific islands)
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== 1890s=1910s: Progressive Era ==
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1890s-1910s Progressive Era
Middle Class Reformers
Anti-Corruption
“Scientific Approach” to public policy”
“Direct Democracy”
- Progressives/ Progressive Movement
- legacy of movement = more activist government controlling economy via regulations
> consisted of northern middle class, educated professionals who looked to fix the problems of the day, which they saw as the result of corruption
> progressivism consisted of various individuals, groups and organizations, especially professional organizations such as the American Bar Association, National Municipal League, National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), etc.
- journalists led and fueled progressive causes with investigative stories on corruption, labor, health and workplace conditions (child labor, esp).
> they were known as Muckrakers, meaning “raking muck” (horse dung), i.e. “digging up dirt”
> Muckrakers contributed to growth of magazines and news industry, which rose national awareness of issues
>> which fueled political agitation and demand for government reform
> governments, local, state and national responded with regulations and greater enforcement of laws, especially for food, drugs, workplace conditions
> womens’ suffrage advanced during progressive era, although it took WWI for the constitutional amendment to protect the right of women to vote (19th amendments, 1920
- “Direct democracy” : progressives believed that government corruption would be fixed by more “direct” participation of voters in laws and government. 
> successful in many cities and some states, they promoted:
1. initiative: voters could propose new laws to be voted on by the public
2. referendum: voters could vote on proposals set for popular vote by officials or legislatures
3. recall: voters could vote to remove public officials from office
- Commissions: progressives wanted governments to be “scientific” and not political, so they promoted use of “commissions” as independent governing bodies, especially for regulatory bodies
- economic reforms:
> anti-trust (banning monopolies)
> railroad regulations, especially prices for passengers and freight
> child labor, workplace, maximum work hours, & other workplace rules
> food and drug safety, sanitation, and truthful advertising
- other reforms:
> municipal sanitation
> anti-corruption
> forest and park management
1890s-1910s Progressive Era personalities - Robert LaFollette: WI Senator, progressive movement leader
- President Theodore Roosevelt
- WEB DuBois: founder of the NAACP
- Margaret Sanger: womens’ suffrage & rights, promoted contraceptives and abortion
1890s-1910s Progressive Era Constitutional Amendments
Progressive Era legislation
- 16th Amendment, 1913: federal income tax
- 17th Amendment, 1913: direct election of Senators (states previously selected Senators by vote in the legislature; by the time of this amendment, most states had already allowed for “direct” or “popular” election of Senators by the public
- 18th Amendment, 1919: banned sale of alcohol
- 19th Amendment, 1920: guaranteed right to vote for women
Laws/ Agencies:
- Pure Food & Drug Act, 1906 (following publication of “The Jungle” exposing meat industry conditions)
- Federal Trade Commission
- Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914
- Federal Reserve Act
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== 1900s: McKinley, (T) Roosevelt & Taft administrations ==
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== 1910s: Taft & Wilson administrations ==
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== 1920s: Wilson, Harding, Coolidge & Hoover administrations ==
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== 1930s: Hoover & (F) Roosevelt administrations
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== 1940s (F) Roosevelt & Truman administrations ==
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