US History timeline & concept chart: 1789-1860 Early Republic to Antebellum

US History timeline & concept chart: U.S. History Decade-by-decade timeline, 1890s-1900

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1790s Washington & Adams administrations

PERIOD / TIMELINE	Major Events, Concepts & Themes	Notes & connections: details of issues, concepts, themes & events
1789 Washington inaugurated 1790 Capital moved from Philadelphia to New York 1791 Bill of Rights enacted 1791 First Bank of the United States 1793 Washington's 2nd term 1793 "Citizen Genet" episiode 1794 Whiskey Rebellion 1795 Jay's Treaty 1796 Pinckney's Treaty 1798: Alien & Sedition Acts 1798-99 Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions 1800: Washington, D.C. opened	BIG IDEAS Washington administration challenges & precedents assertion of federal powers Hamilton-Jefferson split rise of political parties Adams presidency avoidance of war with France over the XYZ Affair & naval clashes w/ French ships National Debt Congress passed taxes to help pay Revolutionary War debts 1790 "Tariff of 1790" designed to reduce federal debt by taxing 1791 "Whiskey Act" imposed excise tax on sale of alcohol Residence Act of 1790 set location of Washington, DC in the South in exchange for national assumption of state debts from the War (principally northern states) Whiskey Rebellion 1794 Whiskey Act extremely unpopular Washington asserted Federal power to enforce the tax Hamilton "Report on Manufactures" promoted activist Federal governance re. economy European wars & domestic U.S. politics pro-British or pro-French sentiments in U.S. Washington Farewell Address warned against political parties warned against "foreign entanglements" Adams presidency avoided war with France marked by severe political partisanship Alien & Sedition Acts "Midnight appointments" Alien & Sedition Acts 1798 restricted naturalization (citizenship) criminalized "false statements" allowed imprisonment & deportation of "dangerous" non-citizens Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions state legislatures declared Alien & Sedition Acts unconstitutional states rights & "strict construction" of Constitution	Washington presidency, 1789-1797 the reluctant President click EXPAND for excerpt from Washington expressing his reluctance to become president in 1788, Washington wrote: I should unfeignedly rejoice, in case the Electors, by giving their votes to another person would save me from the dreaded dilemma of being forced to accept or refuse... If that may not be–I am, in the next place, earnestly desirous of searching out the truth, and knowing whether there does not exist a probability that the government would be just as happily and effectually carried into execution without my aid." (First President’s Election Was the Last Thing He Wanted (washingtonpapers.org) Upon election in 1791, Washington wrote that he had give up "all expectations of private happiness in this world." (https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/george-washington-the-reluctant-president-49492/ George Washington: The Reluctant President (Smithsonian Magazine)] Washington's primary goals: ** establish precedents for the office of the President, esp. regarding manner, authority, establishing constitutional arrangements establish and protect the powers of the executive branch ensure popular support for new government tours of 1789, 1790, 1791 were designed to promote national unity, display presidency, and promote his policies consolidate U.S. territory, especially regarding Northwest Territories and Southern borders with Spain election of 1789 prior to the 12th amendment (1803), the President and Vice President were selected by 1st and 2nd place in the Electoral College, with each Elector casting two votes Washington received a unanimous 69 votes (one from each Elector) John Adams won 2nd place with 34 votes, with rest split between ten other candidates Bill of Rights adopted 1791 (BOR) agreement between Federalists and Anti-Federalist in adopting the Constitution in 1789 BOR limits federal power application of BOR to state laws comes in late 19th/ early 20th centuries = “incorporation” of the Bill of Rights Constitution was for the federal government only 14th amendment starts the process of “incorporating” the Constitution, esp. BOR into state law Hamilton-Jefferson split thought to be largely over enactment of the First National Bank Jefferson vehemently opposed a national bank, fearing its impact on sectional divisions Washington reluctantly signed the bill following Hamilton's advice Residence Act of 1790 location was disputed deal made for Maryland-Virginia border in exchange for assuming national debt Virginia wanted the location Hamilton and New York wanted national assumption of war debts established permanent capitol along Potomac River between Maryland and Virginia Congress wanted a "federal" district of its own governance so as not to rely on a state named for George Washington territory ceded by Virginian and Maryland Hamilton's 1791 "Report on Manufactures" argued for federal support of domestic industry, including protective tariffs promote skilled labor immigration federal investment in transportation infrastructure laid basis for basic political/ ideological split === rise of Political parties ===\ Founders used the term "faction" for aligned groups, whereas political parties have formal organziations and identies arose in Washington's 2nd term based on existing political alliances and perspectives Federalists: Adams, Hamilton pro-national bank, pro-Fed gov powers, interpret constitution loosely, pro industry & commerce, pro-British party starts to die out after 1812 War (opposed) Democratic-Republicans Jefferson, Madison anti-national bank, states’ rights, interpret constitution strictly, pro farming, pro-French Constitutional interpretations enumerated powers = powers specifically listed in Constitution ex. Article I, Section 8: Congress shall have the power to... implied powers “necessary and proper” = implied powers required to enforce enumerated powers strict construction = word for word interpretation advocated by Jefferson and Madison Virginia & Kentucky Resolutions called for it broad or loose construction (interpretation) = interpreted “necessary and proper” loosely, expansively advocated by Adams and Hamilton European conflicts click EXPAND for list of French Revolution & Napoleonic era wars 1791-1798 War of First Coalition European monarchies challenge France over the French Revolution France somewhat expands geographically but loses overeaas territories Spread of French Revolution ideology Rise of Napoleon starting 1795 1799-1802 War of the Second Coalition continued French victories France invades Egypt Napoleon consolidates power 1803-1815 2nd row 1st cell Napoleonic Wars broken into five "coalition" wars France briefly conquers most of Europe only Britain and Portugal maintain full independence following disastrous 1812 invasion of Russia, Napoleon weakened and suffers defeat by energized "Sixth Coalition Napoleon exiled to Elba, an island off coast of Italy, but returns a year later and starts the "Hundred Days War" (War of 7th coalition) Napoleon defeated at Waterloo, Belgium in 1815 and is sent to the British island, St. Helena, in the south Atlantic ocean See: * French Revolutionary Wars timeline (worldhistoryproject.org) French Revolutionary Wars (wikipedia) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars Napoleonic Wars (wikipedia)] French Revolution British interventions trade disruption, blockades, embargoes European wars & domestic U.S. politics various wars and clashes between European alliances centered around Britain and France Americans were largely sympathetic with French Revolution (1789-1799) especially as anti-British however, partisan lines were drawn over European situation partisanship grew into pro-British or pro-French sentiments pro-British = Federalists, warned against radical change and extremes in French Revolution (not pro-monarchy) Adams, Hamilton pro-French = liberal, celebrating downfall of French monarchy and rise of democracy, ignoring its extremes; or simply anti-British, Jefferson, Madison, Thomas Payne (who went to France to participate in the Revolution) Citizen Genet affair, 1793 French government sent Edmond-Charles Genêt to the U.S. to build support for its cause tp promote anti-British sentiments & encourage American attacks on British merchant ships he issued "letters of marque and reprisal," which legalized attacks on British ships on behalf of France Washington was infuriated by the interference issued the Proclamation of Neutrality on April 22, 1793 stating the America was neutral in the French / British conflict Jay's Treaty (or "Jay Treaty") Secretary of State John Jay negotiated a treaty with England that: ensured US neutrality in British-French wars opened US ports to British and British ports in Caribbean to Americans British evacuated all remaining Western forts (was part of terms of Treaty of Paris, 1783, ending Revolutionary War) = leaving Northwest territories to the U.S. U.S. agreed to pay certain Revolutionary War debts the Treaty was unpopular, especially in southern states Senate approved the treaty and the House appropriated funding for its enactment, but only after bitter debate the Jay Treaty episode further solidified the partisan/ ideological divide between Hamiltonians and Jeffersonians in 1796, House of Representative demanded internal Executive branch documents regarding the Treaty Washington refused to deliver them = establishing "executive privilege" "Pinckney's Treaty" formal name: "Treaty of San Lorenzo" agreement w/ Spain provided US access to Mississippi River removal of Spanish forts on US lands promise from Spain to help stop Indian attacks on US settlers Washington declines to run for a 3rd term = important example of a leader stepping down from power and supporting a peaceful transfer of power sets precedent for two-term limit for presidents precedent was honored until FDR, although Teddy Roosevelt ran for a third term in 1912 (and lost) Washington's "Farewell Address" a "valedictory address" (via written statement) to the American people in order to articulate his most important advice: follow the Constitution (rule of law) in order to ensure "that your union and brotherly affection may be perpetual" especially in order to resolve differences avoid "combinations and associations" (factions or alliances) that would subvert the Constitution and the national laws avoid the "baneful effects of the spirit of party" (political parties) warned against "a small but artful and enterprising minority" faction to seize power and subvert the Union warned against "geographical discriminations" (sectional blocks) avoid "foreign entanglements" (getting mixed up in the affairs of other countries, especially in Europe) click EXPAND for excerpt from Washington's Farewell Address: The unity of government which constitutes you one people is also now dear to you. It is justly so; for it is a main pillar in the edifice of your real independence, the support of your tranquility at home, your peace abroad, of your safety, of your prosperity, of that very liberty which you so highly prize. But as it is easy to foresee that, from different causes and from different quarters, much pains will be taken, many artifices employed, to weaken in your minds the conviction of this truth; as this is the point in your political fortress against which the batteries of internal and external enemies will be most constantly and actively (though often covertly and insidiously) directed, it is of infinite moment that you should properly estimate the immense value of your national Union to your collective and individual happiness; that you should cherish a cordial, habitual, and immovable attachment to it; accustoming yourselves to think and speak of it as of the palladium of your political safety and prosperity; watching for its preservation with jealous anxiety; discountenancing whatever may suggest even a suspicion that it can in any event be abandoned; and indignantly frowning upon the first dawning of every attempt to alienate any portion of our country from the rest, or to enfeeble the sacred ties which now link together the various parts (for full text see Washington's Farewell Address (wikisource) John Adams presidency Adams unpopular but firm marked by political bitterness a dominant issue was English-French wars impacted American merchants Americans/ parties split on allegiance to Britain or France of European wars Quasi-War 1798 naval clashes w/ French privateers (private ships given permission to attack others) & American merchant ships mostly in Caribbean and Atlantic coast not a declared war, thus "“Quasi-War” France resented pro-British terms of Jay's Treaty and felt it violated "Alliance and Commerce" treaties from 1778 (during the American Revolution) Congress established the U.S. Navy and authorized use of force against French vessels XYZ Affair. 1797-98 US diplomats sent to France over Quasi-War three French officials demanded a bribe from them known as = Monsieurs (M.) "X, Y, & Z" turned American public against France Alien & Sedition Acts, 1798 Adams and congressional allies attempted to outlaw dissent congress dominated by Federalists "Naturalization Act" restricted naturalization of immigrants to become a citizen "An Act Concerning Aliens" authorized imprisonment or deportation of "dangerous" non-citizens Sedition Act criminalized "false statements" critical of the federal government outlawed publication of "false, scandalous and malicious writing" against the government unpopularity leads to Democrat-Republican wins in 1800 elections Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions 1798-99 state legislatures "nullified" Alien & Sedition Acts = declared them unconstitutional "Principles of '98" = as stated in the Resolutions states rights "strict construction" of the Constitution (= reading of the Constitution by its text alone, without inferring additional powers) state nullification of federal law impact: the Resolutions were authored in secret by Jefferson (then Vice President) and Madison = statement of their interpretation of the Constitution Washington called the Resolutions "a recipe for disunion" (see Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions (wikipedia) statement of southern states rights ideology Taxation and Fries's Rebellion, 1799 as US prepared for the Quasi-War with France Congress imposed a "direct tax" upon all of the states = a federal tax apportioned by population per state the "Direct House Tax of 1798" was calculated by houses, lands, and slave ownership the only time a direct tax was ever imposed by Congress the tax was unpopular in 1799, John Fries, a German-American, organized resistance to the tax in Pennsylvania local militia captured tax "assessors" (who were to "assess" property values for the tax assessment) Federal marshals arrested resistance leaders, but local groups liberated them Adams ordered federal troops to arrest the insurgents Fries and others were arrested and charged with treason Adams granted amnesty to them in 1800 Washington DC opened as national capital, 1800 "Federal City" opened capitol moved from New York Adams first President to occupy the White House Supreme Court was located in the Capitol building initial population was 14,093 Midnight appointments after election of 1800 last minute appointments by Adams for 60 federal positions at end of his administration to fill offices with loyalists/federalists including appointment of John Marshall as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court Jefferson mocked the appointees as "Midnight Judges" several appointments were not delivered before end of Adams administration, including one to William Marbury the new Jefferson administration refused to deliver them in 1801 Marbury sued the government under grounds that he had been duly appointed Leads to the "landmark" case, Marbury v. Madison that established judicial review (see below) Other concepts & terms: new States in 1790s Vermont (territory ceded by New York) 1791 Kentucky (“western”), 1792 Tennessee (“western”), 1796 Northwest Territories and Northwest Ordinance of 1787 Northwest-territory-usa-1787 in 1878 the Continental Congress organized land ceded by England north of the Ohio River to the Great Lakes into a "territory" was first post-colonial "incorporated territory" = formally organized and governed by Federal government American settlers moving into the Territory sparked conflicts with Native tribes, known as the Northwest Indian War Gen. "Mad" Anthony Wayne, commander of the American Army and Revolutionary War hero, defeated Native resistance at the Battle of Fallen Timbers in 1794 Treaty of Greenville (1795) with the Western Confederacy, Native American Tribes led by the Delaware (tribe), formally opened the Territory to settlement Federalists Democratic-Republicans Leaders Adams, Hamilton Jefferson, Madison Policies pro-national bank, pro-Fed gov powers, interpret constitution loosely, pro industry & commerce, pro-British anti-national bank, states’ rights, interpret constitution strictly, pro farming, pro-French Notes party diminishes after War of 1812 War which it opposed and due to Monroe's adoption of some Federalist policies (bank, tariff: see Era of Good Feelings) becomes Democratic party; Jefferson considered its founder

1800-1810 Jefferson & Madison administrations

PERIOD / TIMELINE	Major Events, Concepts & Themes	Notes & connections: details of issues, concepts, themes & events
timeline here 1800 Revolution of 1800 1801-1805 Jefferson presidency 1st term 1802 Louisiana Purchase 1805-1809 Jefferson presidency 2nd term 1807 Congress bans African slave trade 1809-1813 Madison presidency 1st term 18 18 18	BIG IDEAS Jefferson presidency settled partisan rancor from Adams presidency and election of 1800 roll-back of Federalist policies Louisiana Purchase Marbury v Madison landmark case establishes judicial review European wars continued impact on domestic U.S. politics trade disruption, embargoes, blockades Revolution of 1800 marked peaceful transition of power despite bitter partisanship Jefferson inaugural address subsection 2 Major Events here	Revolution of 1800 the election of 1800 was bitter Democratic-Republican party (Jefferson and Burr) accused Federalists of being monarchists Federalists accused Jefferson of loyalty to radical French revolutionaries pamphlets first transition of power from one faction to another without violence electoral college results: Jefferson & Burr tied with 73 votes Adams won 65 votes Federalists majority in the House ultimately decided for Jefferson Jefferson Inaugural Address, 1801 sought to reconcile bitterness between parties/factions “We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists” roll-back of Federalist policies the new Democratic-Republican dominated Congress: repealed the Alien and Sedition Act abolished internal taxes reduced the size of the army and navy despite reservations, Jefferson agreed to keep the First Bank of the United States Supreme Court maintained Federalist ideologies under Chief Justice John Marshall Louisiana Purchase, 1802 Secretary of State James Monroe was sent to France to negotiate purchase of Louisiana Territory under Napoleon, the French had acquired Louisiana from the Spanish the French lost the Haitian rebellion = successful slave revolt establishing Haitian independence the French army sent to put down the rebellion was the largest European army ever sent to the Americas with loss of Haiti, the French no longer needed New Orleans as a shipping point for Haitian trade France offered to sell it for $15 million Federalists opposed it because it would eventually add more southern states Jefferson based power to purchase on executive powers of diplomacy Essex Junto group of New England Federalists who advocated secession by New England (and against the 1780 Massachusetts constitution) were sympathetic to England and opposed trade restrictions which severely impaired the New England economy most organizers were from Essex County, MA John Adams and John Hancock called them the "Essex Junto" as an insult principal leader Rep. Thomas Pickering vehemently opposed Jefferson's anti-British trade acts the Junto wanted Hamilton to join, but he refused to join their movement and plots in 1804 they approached Aaron Burr who was sympathetic supported the """Hartford Convention which met in 1814-15 in opposition to the War of 1812 during the war, the group was called the "Blue Lights" because they used blue lights to warn British warships of American vessels that were trying to run the British blockade or as a signal to the British to smuggle goods with them events and personalities regarding the Essex Junto led to the Burr-Hamilton duel of 1804, in which Burr killed Hamilton 12th Amendment to the Constitution, 1804 in response to the contested election of 1800 (Jefferson and Burr tied in electoral college vote, so the House of Representatives decided the election) also in response to partisanship during Adams administration: President Adams was Federalist Vice President Jefferson was Democratic-Republican also in response to Vice Presidency of Aaron Burr under Jefferson Burr and Jefferson were both Democratic-Republicans but Jefferson and Burr did not get along, and Jefferson did not consult Burr on Administration decisions made sense to combine President and Vice President candidates as a single ticket so the Electoral College votes are for combined "ticket" of President and Vice President candidates 12th amendment solidifies the two-party system winner of the electoral college must win a majority vote therefore, it is in the interest of political opponents to organize around two political parties in order to win that majority vote European blockades of US ports British-French conflict again disrupts U.S. trade and politics in 1805 blockades of U.S. ports by both French and British British commences impressment of US sailors = seizing American sailors to serve of British warships British claimed any sailor born in England or had previously served on a British warship had to serve Britain the Chesapeake-Leopard affair sparked U.S. outrage over British impressment the British HMS Leopard boarded the U.S. Chesapeake and took four crew members and hanged one for desertion New England trade economy collapses Non-importation Act of 1806 = embargo on British goods in response to British impressment of American sailors Embargo Act of 1807 = US response to blockades, shut down trade Non-Intercourse Act of 1809 reopened trade w/ other nations except Britain and France ongoing tensions over trade, blockades, and impressment will lead to the War of 1812 Macon's Bill no. 2" 1808 reopens U.S. trade with Britain and France France agrees to trade with the U.S. in exchange for not trading with Britain British respond Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves, 1807 the Constitution stipulated that there be no ban on African slave trade until 1808 (20 years from enactment) most states had banned importation of slaves since the 1770s, including Virginia (promoted by Jefferson) the Slave Trade Act of 1794 outlawed participation of U.S. vessels in African slavery South Carolina had since re-opened its ports to importation of slaves domestic slavery and slave trade were not impacted by the 1807 law Madison presidency, 1809-1817

1810s Madison & Monroe administrations

PERIOD / TIMELINE	Major Events, Concepts & Themes	Notes & connections: details of issues, concepts, themes & events
timeline here 1809-1813 Madison presidency 1st term 1812-1815 War of 1812 1813-1817 Madison presidency 2nd term 1816 Election of James Monroe 1817-1821 Monroe presidency 1st term >> note spacing between lines using <br><br> code	BIG IDEAS French/ British blockades British impressment of U.S. sailors Indian Wars in Northwest Territories border dispute w/ Canada War of 1812 Monroe & the ""Era of Good Feelings" >> subsection >> subsection >>	=== subheading >>details - Napoleonic Wars impact on U.S.: > trade/ blockades > both French and British trying to isolate U.S. trade from the other > British impressment of U.S. sailors/ merchant ships - War of 1812 - economic expansion following War - “American System” adopted, including > 2nd National Bank > federal roads > tariffs - demise of Federalists, rise of Whig party by election of 1824 === subheading >>details === subheading >>details === subheading >>details

1820s: Monroe & Jackson administrations

PERIOD / TIMELINE	Major Events, Concepts & Themes	Notes & connections: details of issues, concepts, themes & events
timeline here 1819-1827 Era of Good Feelings 1823 Monroe Doctrine 1827 Jacksonian democracy >> note spacing between lines using <br><br> code	BIG IDEAS Era of Good Feelings national pride following War of 1812 political divisions lessened 1826 Declaration of Independence 50th anniversary celebrations <br Monroe Doctrine (1823) >> <br Rise of Jackson, 1827 Democratic Party <br 2nd Great Awakening, 1820s-1830s/40s >> <br Moralism / reform movements >> <br Alexis de Tocqueville & "Democracy in America How do people act under a democracy? <br Henry Clay & the "American System" Promoting commerce via tariffs, roads, & industry National Bank <br Rise of the Whig Party >> <br Sectionalism South v. North rising West Southern democrats v. Northern democrats rural v. urban interests subsection >> <br	Monroe presidency 1st term Democratic-Republican president Era of Good Feelings political comity (general agreement, less bickering) National Bank and Tariff are passed by Congress (Federalist program) Erie Canal built 1826 50th anniversary celebration of U.S. Independence (huge good will across nation) >>details Monroe Doctrine, 1823 >>details rise of Whig party Federalist party collapsed for its opposition to the War of 1812 Whig party rose in its place = a coalition of reformers Democratic party Southern wing: defense of slavery & its expansion rural states’ rights (includes protection of slavery and anti-tariff) Northern wing: urban interests: immigrants reformers Sectionalism Election of 1826 controversial “corrupt bargain” Rise of Jackson and "Jacksonian democracy" “Jacksonian democracy” “spoils system” Second Great Awakening Second Great Awakening - religious revival, esp, Methodist & Baptists - Charles Finney ran religious revivals and promoted reform movements - new religions arose, including Mormons and Shakers, utopians > some preached apocalyptic visions, end of the world, etc. (“repent the end is near!”) - women involved, reform societies, esp against drinking (temperance), gambling & prostitution (vice) and slavery (abolition) - reformers built orphanages, asylums Alexis de Tocqueville * “Democracy in America” > if these people consider themselves each other’s equal, what will they do? - observed how democracies created >> culture of equality >> culture of civic engagement << everyone in a democracy wants to talk politics >> a fluid sociopolitical-economic society Henry Clay's "American system" Promoted by Henry Clay (from Kentucky) roads and canal building new technologies: railroads, telegraph = unifying effect, promotes commerce > allows for more western expansion and integration into national economy - internal improvements = main Whig policy (the American System) >>details

1830s Jackson, Van Buren & >> administrations

PERIOD / TIMELINE	Major Events, Concepts & Themes	Notes & connections: details of issues, concepts, themes & events
timeline here 18xx xxxx 1831 Nat Turner's Rebellion >> note spacing between lines using <br><br> code	BIG IDEAS subsection >> subsection >> subsection >> subsection >>	=== subheading >>details sectionalism House of Representatives passed Gag Rules, starting 1836, barring debate on slavery in House Nat Turner's Rebellion (1831) part of series of insurrections Turner's killed 60 white, who retaliated by killing 200 slaves randomly Slave Codes passed, banned blacks from gathering or learning to read Republic of Texas >>details === subheading >>details

1840s: xx administrations

PERIOD / TIMELINE	Major Events, Concepts & Themes	Notes & connections: details of issues, concepts, themes & events
timeline here 18xx xxxx >> >> note spacing between lines using <br><br> code	BIG IDEAS Manifest Destiny & western expansion br> Expansion of Slavery (Texas) br> <>big>Mexican-American War br> >> Gold Rush of 1849 >> Abolition, Women's suffrage & other reform movements >> Transcendentalism	=== subheading >>details Western expansion leads to Mexican-American war Manifest Destiny > Manifest -= plain, easy to see, clear + Destiny = going to happen >> to move westward Justifies western expansion, settlement >> v. Indians and Spain / Mexico = notion that the nation will expand and it is good and right also: Gold Rush of 1849 Effects: transportation, movement, banking (also slavery tensions) > political activism, especially in response to Compromise of 1850 > American anti-slavery society >> William Lloyd Garrison< abolitionist leader, publisher >> inspired by David Walker, a free black in Boston in 1820s > Frederic Douglass > Harriett Tubman > Sojourner Truth > underground railroad Reform Movements >> combined activism: suffrage, abolitions, temperance, education Transcendentalism = belief that god exists in humans, man & society can be perfected > Ralph Waldo Emerson > Nathaniel Hawthorne (Scarlett Letter) > David Thoreau - Sectional dispute over where to build transcontinental railroad > northern or southern route? === subheading >>details === subheading >>details === subheading >>details

1850s: xx administrations

PERIOD / TIMELINE	Major Events, Concepts & Themes	Notes & connections: details of issues, concepts, themes & events
timeline here 18xx xxxx >> >> note spacing between lines using <br><br> code	BIG IDEAS subsection Compromise of 1850 New territories & states from Mexican-American War & Western expansion = End of Missouri Compromise (1820) Sectional Tensions rise Slavery issues Hardening of politics: pro-/anti-slavery Heading towards war, 1850s presidents do nothing about it Panic of 1857 / Southern economic stability subsection >> subsection >> subsection >>	=== subheading >>details Ends the Missouri Compromise (of 1820) Last of the “Great Compromisers” Clay (KY), Calhoun (CS) & Daniel Webster (MA) - Clay divided larger bill into parts in order to pass Parts of the Compromise of 1850 > California admitted as free state > Fugitive Slave Law >> super upsetting to northerners >> concession to Norhterners: banned the slave trade in DC (but not slavery itself) > Utah & New Mexico added as territories w/ each to write its own constitution (popular sovereignty concept re. slavery) > after Compromise of 1850 new generation of leaders take over, more strident, more sectional-minded, more radical / ideological on both sides > decline of Whig power > No Nothings party > American Party, anti-immigrant (“nativism”), anti-catholic >> both sides radicalize >> no way to compromise - Uncle Tom’s Cabin (1852) > book about slave life by Harriett Beecher Stowe > sold 2 mm copies > compared to Common Sense in influence on public - Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854) >> popular sovereignty for KS and NB territories >> radicalizes the public > marks end of Whig party >> “Free Soil” party has KN as its sole issue << Republican can take a wider appeal - “personal liberty laws” passed in north to require trial by jury for disputes over fugitive slaves - Bleeding Kansas or Bloody Kansas (1854-1861) > territories > Lawrence, KS = location of battles between pro- and anti-slavery factions >> John Brown started anti-slave movement there > “Border Ruffians” (rough houser – proslvery MO go to KS / NB to get into a fight - Dred Scott decision by Roger Taney, 1857 > Scott, a slave, went to North, and declared himself free >> owner sues to get him back >> Supreme Rules that slave/blacks are not citizens << >> radicalizes the public - John Brown’s raid (1859) > messianic anti-slavery leader >> God wants us to do this! > Harpers Ferry, VA to instigate a slave rebellion > put down by Federal troops, Brown hanged for treason Panic of 1857 - Contributing factors: > tremendous growth after Mexi-Amer war led to overexpansion > over-extension of credit during boom years accelerated losses after Panic > railroads and telegraph made US more interconnected, so impact of Panic was widespread - Triggers: > sinking of gold ship SS Central America w/ 30K lbs of gold (California gold) > British bank crisis following suspension of reserve requiements (reliance on paper money) led to panic in Britain - Impact: > railroad expansion & hiring halts > grain prices drop, impacting farmers > land prices drop, impacting tax revenues and causing land-tax delinquencies > growth in westward expansion halted until after Civil War - Federal response: > Pres Buchanan blamed panic on use of paper-money withdraws bank notes under $20 >> impact was to force banks to increase hard money (specie) reserves and lower inflation << this worked - Long term impact: > southern economy largely untouched, which led to less pressure on slavery institution from northern > northern bankers and railroads impacted but recovered > midwestern expansion most impacted === subheading >>details === subheading >>details === subheading >>details

1860s: Lincoln * Johnson administrations

PERIOD / TIMELINE	Major Events, Concepts & Themes	Notes & connections: details of issues, concepts, themes & events
timeline here 18xx xxxx >> >> note spacing between lines using <br><br> code	BIG IDEAS subsection Election of 1860 Lincoln Republican Party Southern secession Civil War Lincoln war measures (shutting down press, draft, keeping the border states) Border states = key to Lincoln strategy Gettysburg Address: giving the War meaning: - self-government - freedom Civil War economic impact North wins in war and economics Southern economy in ruins Republican policies enacted CIVIL WAR ERA CONSTITUTIONAL AMMENDENTS subsection >> subsection >> subsection >>	=== subheading >>details Election of 1860 Lincoln position on slavery: no expansion but left where it was >> but argued against slavery as unethical = argues against slavery but not its abolition >> Southerners and northern abolitions don’t like Lincoln >> southerners assume he is against slavery >> abolitionists assume he is no strong on the issue - 4-way split election: > Democratic party split between north (Douglas) Southern candidates (Breckenridge) > the 4th candidate was a border-state, pro-Union, pro-slavery but anti-spread of slavery former Democrat, John Bell, who carried border states and Virginia > Lincoln won w/ mostly northern votes which gave him Electoral College majority = clear winner > South Carolina secedes, followed by others up to March 1861 when Lincoln took office Civil War: Lincoln's policies >>details === subheading >>details Lincoln position on slavery: no expansion but left where it was >> but argued against slavery as unethical = argues against slavery but not its abolition >> Southerners and northern abolitions don’t like Lincoln >> southerners assume he is against slavery >> abolitionists assume he is no strong on the issue - 4-way split election: > Democratic party split between north (Douglas) Southern candidates (Breckenridge) > the 4th candidate was a border-state, pro-Union, pro-slavery but anti-spread of slavery former Democrat, John Bell, who carried border states and Virginia > Lincoln won w/ mostly northern votes which gave him Electoral College majority = clear winner > South Carolina secedes, followed by others up to March 1861 when Lincoln took office Lincoln positions during war - does not recognize secession - U.S. Gov will defend its properties > Ft. Sumter = 1st battle of the war, off coast of Charleston, SC - War is about UNION Meaning of the War - to Southerners: > felt they were defending Constitutional rights > considered the North the aggressors - to Northerners > many but not all were anti-slavery > to save the Union >> the question for Union: can a people rule themselves? (self-government) >> Europeans looked upon Civil War as demonstration that democracy can’t work Both sides started with enthusiasm for war and expectation that it would be short Slavery - Lincoln’s position was originally that slavery should not be expanded > but during the war, he used the issue as a wartime measure > he did not ban slavery in loyal border states >> to keep them loyal to the Union > Emancipation Proclamation was huge diplomatic victory, as it made the conflict about slavery, so Europeans could not support the South = Lincoln ended up using slavery as an issue to give purpose to the war Important Battles: - Antietam, 1862 = Union victory, gave Lincoln excuse to launch the Emancipation Proclamation (1862) > freed slaves in states under rebellion >> he previously abolished slavery in federal territories, including DC - Gettysburg, 1863 > along with losing control of the Mississippi River, Gettysburg ended the southern chances to win the war > Lincoln used battlefield for Gettysburg Address, needed a big victory for impact - Lincoln moves the meaning of the war from just preserving the union and self-government to equality and ending slavery (liberty) in Gettysburg Address Why north wins? - bigger population, bigger army - industrial base - strategies >> Annaconda strategy << to isolate the south by controlling the coasts and Mississippi River (accomplished by Jul 1863) Partisans: - many Democrats in north are anti-war (Esp. immigrant areas, NYC riots) >>critical of Lincoln’s wartime measures to block bad press Radical Republicans – block of senators who are strongly anti-slavery > criticize Lincoln for not doing enough - south destroyed - industrialization in north < ex,. Andrew Carnegie steel industry titan, gained fortune in Civil War - railroads expand: > transcontinental railroad > the country is more connected (markets, politics, economics) - urbanization - presidential powers enhanced > esp via enforcement of Constitutional Amendments and Civil Rights Laws - with the South in rebellion, the Northern states could enact legislation they had been unable to pass otherwise, including: - Transcontinental Railroad via the northern route (Pacific Railroad Act, 1862) - Homestead Act (1862) that gave 160 acres to “homesteaders” who agreed to stay on the land for 5 years (ie, not sell it) >> Morrill Land-Grant Act was part of this legislation: gave proceeds of federal land sales to states for building of state colleges - Confiscation Acts, which allowed for taking property of anyone in rebellion and freeing their slaves - Freedman’s bureau: to lease lands to freed slaves 13. Outlawed slavery 14. a. Citizenship for former slaves b. Protect “privileges & immunities” and “due process” c. Equal Protection for all citizens 15. Voting rights for black men

1870s Grant & Hayes administrations

PERIOD / TIMELINE	Major Events, Concepts & Themes	Notes & connections: details of issues, concepts, themes & events
timeline here 18xx xxxx >> >> note spacing between lines using <br><br> code	BIG IDEAS subsection >> subsection >> subsection >> subsection >>	=== subheading >>details === subheading >>details === subheading >>details === subheading >>details RECONSTRUCTION Northern occupation of South How to bring South back into union while protecting rights of freedmen? = northern army occupation of the South enforce Civil War outcomes = to enforce the amendments and civil right laws = to bring the south back into the union >> Lincoln’s 2nd inaugural address >>> goal is to end war and heal wounds Radical Republicans wanted to punish the South Compromise of 1877 - 1876 election disputed, sent to House for decision - deal cut to elect Hayes in exchange for removing federal troops from south, effectively ending Reconstruction End of Reconstruction - Segregation imposed by whites > “Jim Crow” laws restricted blacks’ rights - Klu Klux Klan gained power and intimidated blacks - sharecropping system grows: > poor farmers, black and white, had to pay rent to farm land and loaned money for seeds and tools at high rates >> indebted them to the landowners - Plessy v. Ferguson, 1883 > court case that created “separate but equal” rule that legalized segregation (until 1950s, when overturned by Brown v. Board of Education, 1954) > overturned Civil Rights Act of 1875 that prohibited discrimination in public businesses and facilities Western frontier Indian Wars Railroads connect to the West Immigration drives urban growth Political Machines in northern cities Growth of cites, especially New York - rail and trolly networks lead to and through cities = growth - immigration explodes: pay better in the U.S. than home countries > chain migration leads to ethnic neighborhoods > “tenements” = multi-family housing > immigrants compete with blacks for labor - “factory towns” > poor living conditions, reliance on the factories - Political bosses used immigrants for votes to control city governments > “political machines” > bosses provided services to residents in exchange for political support > “Boss Tweed” = corrupt NYC mayor, 1870s, finally jailed in 1878 >> Thomas Nast drew cartoons criticized Tweed & corruption

1880s .> administrations

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1870s-1890s concepts, themes & trends

PERIOD / TIMELINE	Major Events, Concepts & Themes	Notes & connections: details of issues, concepts, themes & events
timeline here 18xx xxxx >> >> note spacing between lines using <br><br> code	BIG IDEAS subsection >> subsection >> subsection >> subsection >>	close of the frontier & Indian wars - By 1890, ND, SK, WA, MT were states - Little Bighorn: Sioux tribes opposed western settlements; US Army sent to oppose them, leading to battle of Little Bighorn, which marked the end of Indian resistance to U.S. western expansion - Ghost Dance movement 1890: Indian revivalist movement that preached liberation of Indians from US occupation - Wounded Knee: battle between Federal troops and Indians, many from the Ghost Dance movement, massacre of the Indians who resisted - railroads had connected the West to the East > “standardized time” adopted to manage rail schedules, leading to time zones - Note: Turner Frontier Thesis: a 20th century historian claimed that the “closing” of the frontier, i.e. filling up the country, changed America because the frontier had allowed the country to grow, promoted democracy and gave opportunity to people moving west; and that the “closing” of the frontier reduced those aspects Urbanization === subheading >>details Industrialism Gilded Age Monopolies / Anti-Trust - railroads, trolleys, electricity, telegraphs, etc. spread across country > railroads are “natural monopolies” because they control the railroad they built >> also, railroads require government support to take land to build >>> resentment over rail construction >>> resentment over rail prices along routes, especially to move farm products - rapid economic growth leads to creation of big companies > Andrew Carnegie, steel, John Rockefeller, oil, etc. > “holding companies” buy multiple companies to control an industry >> monopolies = “horizontal integration” = controlling an industry >>> versus “vertical integration” = controlling all aspects of a business (raw materials, supply chains, manufacture, sale) -Sherman Anti-Trust Law of 1890 passed to outlaw monopolies > made illegal actions “in restraint of trade” , especially “combinations” (holding companies, conglomerates) - “mass production” and “assembly line” production = mechanized, automated factories with thousands of workers - “Social Darwinism” = competition will lead to the survival of the fittest companies - “laissez faire”= “let it be” = let markets run themselves - “Gilded Age” = named by Mark Twain as time of huge wealth and ridiculous displays of the wealth (“gilded”) - “Gospel of wealth” = Andrew Carnegie theory that in exchange for wealth created by markets, the rich should give back to society via philanthropy >> Carnegie built libraries across the country Labor movements Unionization Rights of workers Strikes (and legality of them) - Knights of Labor, started 1869, to organized urban factory workers and demand better working conditions, pay, and prohibition on child labor (under age 14) - Haymarket Square Riot, 1886: labor activists set off bomb that killed police, turned popular support against labor - Homestead Strike, 1892, steel factory strike put down by private army that killed several strikers > Pinkerton Detectives: hired by factory owners to put down strikes, protect strike-breakers (“scabs”) - Pullman Palace Car Factory strike, 1894: first national strike, when one strike was joined by others and rail travel was shut down - Labor movements split between: > socialists, led by Eugene Debs, who wanted to overthrow capitalism > trade unions, especially American Federation of Labor (AFL), led by Samuel Gompers, who denounced revolution and sought to negotiate with industry to raise wages and better work conditions >> AFL restricted union membership to white men, mostly, excluding blacks and many immigrants Populist Movements What about the little guy? Hard v. Soft Money Gold v. Silver Small famers want to pay debts in silver Wm J. Bryan: “Cross of Gold Speech” - as the national economy become more interconnected, railroads, markets, grain prices, etc. become local issues dependent upon national systems > as result, local interests organized into movements to defend the interests of farmers, especially, versus the railroads and industrial companies > key was debt: farmers wanted “soft money” (silver) debt instead of “hard money” debt (gold) - Silver arose as an issue because of huge mines discovered that led to flood of silver into the markets, inflating the price of silver (thus soft money) versus gold, which was more scarce and kept its value - Grange Movement, starting 1867, grew as “cooperatives” and political candidates to represent the interest of farmers - Farmer’s Alliances: grew out of Grange and extended more into politics - People’s Party: grew out of the Farmer’s alliances into a full political party > movement made up of small farmers mostly from the Midwest > 1892 election: Omaha platform called for silver money, government takeover of railroads and telegraphs, income tax, labor reform - Socialists party arose I n1894, but was less influential > leader was Eugene Debs - William Jennings Bryan became Democratic party candidate in 1896, 1900 and 1908, largely by adopting the platform of the Grange/People’s party >> Bryan: “Cross of gold” speech became famous argument for “soft money, ie silver >> 1890s: silver mines in CO & NV Reform movements Women’s rights Urban reform Anti-corruption Workplace reform Child Labor reform - urban reformers, including: > Jane Addams and “Hull House” to help working mothers - newspapers & “yellow journalism” > highlighted social problems > exaggerated or created scandals to sell more papers - Women’s Suffrage movement > movement advances into 1890s > Susan B. Anthony promoted women’s suffrage amendment > American Suffrage Association won victories in various states for participation of women in state elections - beginnings of the Progressive movement Radical movements Socialism, anarchism, radicalism > anarchy, socialism, political agitation campaigns were common during this time, as some segments of society were not able to process changes in the economy and social structure (from farm to industry, from artisan to factory worker) > industrial strikes were sources of agitation and infiltration by radical groups into labor movements > President McKinley was assassinated in 1901 by an anarchist > most Americans were against violence but many Americans did worry about the meaning and impact of social and economic changes going on around them > many Americans blame immigrants for the agitation === subheading >>details === subheading >>details

1890s Cleveland & McKinley administrations

PERIOD / TIMELINE	Major Events, Concepts & Themes	Notes & connections: details of issues, concepts, themes & events
timeline here 18xx xxxx >> >> note spacing between lines using <br><br> code	BIG IDEAS subsection >> subsection >> subsection >> subsection >>	=== subheading >>details Imperialism Expanding Democracy or just capitalism? - Alfred Mahan “Influence of Sea Power” (1890) > argued for need for navy to enforce access to foreign ports for trade > logic is: strong navy allows for imperialism which creates need for strong navy > coaling stations in Hawaii in order to allow boats to cross the Pacific >> to support American commerce w/ Asia - Spanish-American war, 1898 > Cuban revolutionaries appealed to Americans for help for independence from Spain > “remember the Maine” << USS Maine blew up at Havana harbor > Yellow journalism promoted the war, blaming Spanish for blowing up the Maine > US attacked Spanish holdings in Cuba, Puerto Rico & Philippines, turning each into US possessions > “Treaty of Paris” 1898, US agreed to independence for Cuba and possession of Puerto Rico, Philippines and Guam (Pacific islands) === subheading >>details === subheading >>details === subheading >>details

1890s=1910s: Progressive Era

PERIOD / TIMELINE	Major Events, Concepts & Themes	Notes & connections: details of issues, concepts, themes & events
timeline here 18xx xxxx >> >> note spacing between lines using <br><br> code	BIG IDEAS subsection >> subsection >> subsection >> subsection >>	=== subheading >>details 1890s-1910s Progressive Era Middle Class Reformers Anti-Corruption “Scientific Approach” to public policy” “Direct Democracy” - Progressives/ Progressive Movement - legacy of movement = more activist government controlling economy via regulations > consisted of northern middle class, educated professionals who looked to fix the problems of the day, which they saw as the result of corruption > progressivism consisted of various individuals, groups and organizations, especially professional organizations such as the American Bar Association, National Municipal League, National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), etc. - journalists led and fueled progressive causes with investigative stories on corruption, labor, health and workplace conditions (child labor, esp). > they were known as Muckrakers, meaning “raking muck” (horse dung), i.e. “digging up dirt” > Muckrakers contributed to growth of magazines and news industry, which rose national awareness of issues >> which fueled political agitation and demand for government reform > governments, local, state and national responded with regulations and greater enforcement of laws, especially for food, drugs, workplace conditions > womens’ suffrage advanced during progressive era, although it took WWI for the constitutional amendment to protect the right of women to vote (19th amendments, 1920 - “Direct democracy” : progressives believed that government corruption would be fixed by more “direct” participation of voters in laws and government. > successful in many cities and some states, they promoted: 1. initiative: voters could propose new laws to be voted on by the public 2. referendum: voters could vote on proposals set for popular vote by officials or legislatures 3. recall: voters could vote to remove public officials from office - Commissions: progressives wanted governments to be “scientific” and not political, so they promoted use of “commissions” as independent governing bodies, especially for regulatory bodies - economic reforms: > anti-trust (banning monopolies) > railroad regulations, especially prices for passengers and freight > child labor, workplace, maximum work hours, & other workplace rules > food and drug safety, sanitation, and truthful advertising - other reforms: > municipal sanitation > anti-corruption > forest and park management 1890s-1910s Progressive Era personalities - Robert LaFollette: WI Senator, progressive movement leader - President Theodore Roosevelt - WEB DuBois: founder of the NAACP - Margaret Sanger: womens’ suffrage & rights, promoted contraceptives and abortion 1890s-1910s Progressive Era Constitutional Amendments Progressive Era legislation - 16th Amendment, 1913: federal income tax - 17th Amendment, 1913: direct election of Senators (states previously selected Senators by vote in the legislature; by the time of this amendment, most states had already allowed for “direct” or “popular” election of Senators by the public - 18th Amendment, 1919: banned sale of alcohol - 19th Amendment, 1920: guaranteed right to vote for women Laws/ Agencies: - Pure Food & Drug Act, 1906 (following publication of “The Jungle” exposing meat industry conditions) - Federal Trade Commission - Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914 - Federal Reserve Act === subheading >>details === subheading >>details === subheading >>details

1900s: McKinley, (T) Roosevelt & Taft administrations

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1910s: Taft & Wilson administrations

PERIOD / TIMELINE	Major Events, Concepts & Themes	Notes & connections: details of issues, concepts, themes & events
timeline here 18xx xxxx >> >> note spacing between lines using <br><br> code	BIG IDEAS subsection >> subsection >> subsection >> subsection >>	=== subheading >>details World War I, 1914-1918, US: 1917-18 Neutrality “Foreign War” Protest/ dissent Ensuring Peace - American neutrality = official US policy at beginning of the European war - English blockade of US ports to block shipments to Germany > Germany responded with U-Boats (submarine) attacks on ships supplying Great Britain - Zimmerman telegram: German ambassador to Mexico tried to get Mexico to declare war on U.S.; his telegraph was intercepted by British and sparked anti-German outrage in U.S. - Espionage Act, 1917, Sedition Act , 1918: laws prohibiting dissent against U.S. (reminiscent of Alien & Sedition Acts of 1798) - Selective Service Act of 1917: authorized draft of soldiers - Spanish Flu, 1917-18: massive pandemic exacerbated by wartime preparations with concentrations of young solders - Committee on Public Information (CPI) ran anti-German and anti-Russian propaganda during the war - Worldwide attempts to prevent future wars: > Washington Conference (limiting arms stockpiling) > Kellogg-Briand Pact: international agreement to outlaw war U.S. Prohibition, Red Scare Communist Revolution in Russia Radicalism in US (bombs, strikes) - 18th Amendment put into law the long temperance fight to ban alcohol - Red Scare: socialists and anti-war radicals demonstrated and led strikes during the War, which they saw as a capitalist enterprise > many radical leaders were immigrants, who were often blamed for those movements > bombings: during 1918-1920 a series of bombs were set off by radicals, including the Wall Street Bombing, which killed 30 - Palmer Raids, 1920s: US government responded to bombings and agitations by arresting 10,000+ people under suspicion of anti-American and pro-Russian sympathies - FBI created to investigate radicals during WWI and was used to enforce prohibition laws > J. Edgar Hoover ran the agency, led it like his own kingdom - following WWI and anti-war agitation, public turned anti-immigrant and immigration was largely shut down through 1920s until after WWII === subheading >>details === subheading >>details === subheading >>details

1920s: Wilson, Harding, Coolidge & Hoover administrations

PERIOD / TIMELINE	Major Events, Concepts & Themes	Notes & connections: details of issues, concepts, themes & events
timeline here 18xx xxxx >> >> note spacing between lines using <br><br> code	BIG IDEAS subsection >> subsection >> subsection >> subsection >>	=== subheading >>details 1910-1920s Court Cases “Incorporation” of the Bill of Rights into state law Expanding federal jurisdiction over states - Supreme Court began to apply the protections of the Bill of Rights to state law > process called “Incorporation” > BOR originally applied only to federal government > 14th amendment opened door to “incorporation” > cases tended to be >> freedom of speech, especially regarding protests during WWI >> protections against illegal search and seizures Cases: - Schenk v. US: socialist agitator arrested for violating Espionage Act of 1917 that prohibited “interference” w/ War effort >> court ruled that some speech can be regulated if it endangers others (presents a “clear and present danger” such as “yelling fire in a crowded theatre”) 1920s Themes: - return to normalcy after WWI - economic boom - consumerism / consumer loans - technology spread, esp. autos, telephones, radio - women’s expanding roles in economy, politics - Great migration: black social & economic change - Economic boom - business oriented governance > Republican presidents reduced income taxes but kept tariffs, including to enact the disastrous Smoot-Hawley tariff, which was “protectionist” or “protectionism” > labor unions lost favor, growth of “welfare capitalism” under which businesses offered workers benefits in exchange for not forming unions or striking - consumer culture: > expansion of consumer credit fueled consumer purchases, esp: > automobiles, appliances, radios, suburbs growth > “labor saving devices” < freed women from many household tasks - Jazz Age: > flappers > jazz > “Lost Generation” writers: Hemingway, Fitzgerald, O’Neill Also: - Prohibition era > bathtub gin (home-made alcohol) > gangster era (Al Capone, rum runners) - Stock market frenzy > stock market crash, 1929 - restrictions on Immigration: Emergency Quota Act of 1924 - Scopes Monkey Trial: over teaching evolution 1929-32 Stock Market Crash of 1920 Leads to Great Depression - Hoovervilles: shantytowns of unemployed, named for President Hoover - Bonus Expeditionary Force (protest in DC by impoverished veterans) - Dust Bowl - New Deal > “ABC” Agencies: created to respond to every aspect of life > see FDR for more > Workers Progress Administration (WPA): to put people to work, including artisans, artists, writers === subheading >>details === subheading >>details === subheading >>details

1930s: Hoover & (F) Roosevelt administrations

PERIOD / TIMELINE	Major Events, Concepts & Themes	Notes & connections: details of issues, concepts, themes & events
timeline here 18xx xxxx >> >> note spacing between lines using <br><br> code	BIG IDEAS subsection >> subsection >> subsection >> subsection >>	=== subheading >>details New Deal Restoring confidence in banks and in America Federal intervention in economy Regulations, Social Welfare FDR administration “relief” and interventions > see Franklin Roosevelt in Presidents timeline New Deal laws included: > Emergency Banking Relief Bill (to stop panics), 1933 > Banking Act of 1933 >> authorized the > Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation to insure/ guarantee individual deposits in banks > Agricultural Investment Act (AAA) > Farm Credit Act > National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) >> which created the Public Words Administration (PWA) to build roads and other projects for employment and Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) to support similar programs in states >> under the NIRA, FDR seized control of the Tennessee Valley Authority (which built dams and electrical plants) > National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) > Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) - New Deal legacies: > Alphabet Agencies: federal agencies, many with abbreviations (AAA, CCC) that were created and led to huge federal increase in regulatory powers > Social welfare programs became permanent part of federal role in people’s lives > enacted much of the agenda of the 1900s progressives and 1890s populists WWII, 1939-45 US: 1941-45 Total Mobilization - Nye Commission of 1936: Senate investigation into arms sales by US companies that led up to WWI, including making bribes to foreign leaders, led to the: - Neutrality Acts (1935-37) > barred sale of weapons to nations at war > official US neutrality as war became inevitable in Asia and Europe > “isolationism” : anti-war sentiment === subheading >>details === subheading >>details === subheading >>details

1940s (F) Roosevelt & Truman administrations

PERIOD / TIMELINE	Major Events, Concepts & Themes	Notes & connections: details of issues, concepts, themes & events
timeline here 18xx xxxx >> >> note spacing between lines using <br><br> code	BIG IDEAS subsection >> subsection >> subsection >> subsection >>	=== subheading >>details - U.S. preparation for war, including > Selective Training & Service Act, 1940: 1st peacetime military draft > Hollywood propaganda movies > Lend-Lease Act, 1941: authorized “loans” of military equipment to Britain > Atlantic-Charter Conference: Pres Roosevelt and British PM Churchill met to declare mutual agreement and goals for defeating Nazis - Pearl Harbor, Dec 7, 1941: Japanese attack on US Naval base in Hawaii led to U.S. Declaration of War against Japan and Germany - Internment of Japanese Americans, 1942 === subheading >>details WWII Home Front - total mobilization for war - civilian efforts to support military via rationing, “victory gardens” buying US gov bonds to finance the war - women and minorities apart of mobilization - Manhattan project: race to build the atomic bomb European Theater: v. Germany, starting in N. Africa, working up through Italy, then Normandy Invasion of France > Germany surrendered June 1945 after US closed in on West and Russians from the East Asian Theater v. Japan, starting w/ Pearl Harbor, loss of Philippines, then working up towards Japanese mainland via “island hopping” - Atomic Bomb, Aug, 1945 ended the war === subheading >>details === subheading >>details