US History timeline & concept chart: 1789-1860 Early Republic to Antebellum: Difference between revisions
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RECONSTRUCTION | |||
Northern occupation of South | |||
How to bring South back into union while protecting rights of freedmen? | |||
= northern army occupation of the South enforce Civil War outcomes | |||
= to enforce the amendments and civil right laws | |||
= to bring the south back into the union | |||
>> Lincoln’s 2nd inaugural address >>> goal is to end war and heal wounds | |||
Radical Republicans wanted to punish the South | |||
Compromise of 1877 - 1876 election disputed, sent to House for decision | |||
- deal cut to elect Hayes in exchange for removing federal troops from south, effectively ending Reconstruction | |||
End of Reconstruction - Segregation imposed by whites | |||
> “Jim Crow” laws restricted blacks’ rights | |||
- Klu Klux Klan gained power and intimidated blacks | |||
- sharecropping system grows: | |||
> poor farmers, black and white, had to pay rent to farm land and loaned money for seeds and tools at high rates | |||
>> indebted them to the landowners | |||
- Plessy v. Ferguson, 1883 | |||
> court case that created “separate but equal” rule that legalized segregation (until 1950s, when overturned by Brown v. Board of Education, 1954) | |||
> overturned Civil Rights Act of 1875 that prohibited discrimination in public businesses and facilities | |||
Western frontier | |||
Indian Wars | |||
Railroads connect to the West | |||
- By 1890, ND, SK, WA, MT were states | |||
- Little Bighorn: Sioux tribes opposed western settlements; US Army sent to oppose them, leading to battle of Little Bighorn, which marked the end of Indian resistance to U.S. western expansion | |||
- Ghost Dance movement: Indian revivalist movement that preached liberation of Indians from US occupation | |||
- Wounded Knee: battle between Federal troops and Indians, many from the Ghost Dance movement, massacre of the Indians who resisted | |||
- railroads had connected the West to the East | |||
> “standardized time” adopted to manage rail schedules, leading to time zones | |||
- Note: Turner Frontier Thesis: a 20th century historian claimed that the “closing” of the frontier, i.e. filling up the country, changed America because the frontier had allowed the country to grow, promoted democracy and gave opportunity to people moving west; and that the “closing” of the frontier reduced those aspects | |||
Urbanization | |||
Immigration drives urban growth | |||
Political Machines in northern cities Growth of cites, especially New York | |||
- rail and trolly networks lead to and through cities = growth | |||
- immigration explodes: pay better in the U.S. than home countries | |||
> chain migration leads to ethnic neighborhoods | |||
> “tenements” = multi-family housing | |||
> immigrants compete with blacks for labor | |||
- “factory towns” > poor living conditions, reliance on the factories | |||
- Political bosses used immigrants for votes to control city governments | |||
> “political machines” | |||
> bosses provided services to residents in exchange for political support | |||
> “Boss Tweed” = corrupt NYC mayor, 1870s, finally jailed in 1878 | |||
>> Thomas Nast drew cartoons criticized Tweed & corruption | |||
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Revision as of 13:29, 14 May 2021
US History timeline & concept chart: U.S. History Decade-by-decade timeline, 1890s-1900
article under construction
Objective:
Main page
Concepts & themes overview
Previous timelines:
- US History timeline & concept chart: American colonies 17th & mid-18th centuries
- US History timeline & concept chart: French-Indian War to the American Revolution
Next timelines:
See also:
- << to do
1790s Washington & Adams administrations[edit | edit source]
PERIOD / TIMELINE | Major Events, Concepts & Themes | Notes & connections: details of issues, concepts, themes & events | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
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BIG IDEAS
National Debt
Whiskey Rebellion 1794
Hamilton "Report on Manufactures"
European wars & domestic U.S. politics
Washington Farewell Address
Adams presidency
Alien & Sedition Acts 1798
Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions
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Washington presidency, 1789-1797[edit | edit source]
click EXPAND for excerpt from Washington expressing his reluctance to become president in 1788, Washington wrote: I should unfeignedly rejoice, in case the Electors, by giving their votes to another person would save me from the dreaded dilemma of being forced to accept or refuse... If that may not be–I am, in the next place, earnestly desirous of searching out the truth, and knowing whether there does not exist a probability that the government would be just as happily and effectually carried into execution without my aid."(First President’s Election Was the Last Thing He Wanted (washingtonpapers.org) Upon election in 1791, Washington wrote that he had give up "all expectations of private happiness in this world." (https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/george-washington-the-reluctant-president-49492/ George Washington: The Reluctant President (Smithsonian Magazine)]
** establish precedents for the office of the President, esp. regarding
election of 1789
Bill of Rights adopted 1791 (BOR)
Hamilton-Jefferson split
Residence Act of 1790[edit | edit source]
Hamilton's 1791 "Report on Manufactures"[edit | edit source]
=== rise of Political parties ===\
Constitutional interpretations[edit | edit source]
European conflicts[edit | edit source]click EXPAND for list of French Revolution & Napoleonic era wars
European wars & domestic U.S. politics[edit | edit source]
Citizen Genet affair, 1793[edit | edit source]
Jay's Treaty (or "Jay Treaty")[edit | edit source]
"Pinckney's Treaty"[edit | edit source]
Washington declines to run for a 3rd term[edit | edit source]
Washington's "Farewell Address"
click EXPAND for excerpt from Washington's Farewell Address: The unity of government which constitutes you one people is also now dear to you. It is justly so; for it is a main pillar in the edifice of your real independence, the support of your tranquility at home, your peace abroad, of your safety, of your prosperity, of that very liberty which you so highly prize. But as it is easy to foresee that, from different causes and from different quarters, much pains will be taken, many artifices employed, to weaken in your minds the conviction of this truth; as this is the point in your political fortress against which the batteries of internal and external enemies will be most constantly and actively (though often covertly and insidiously) directed, it is of infinite moment that you should properly estimate the immense value of your national Union to your collective and individual happiness; that you should cherish a cordial, habitual, and immovable attachment to it; accustoming yourselves to think and speak of it as of the palladium of your political safety and prosperity; watching for its preservation with jealous anxiety; discountenancing whatever may suggest even a suspicion that it can in any event be abandoned; and indignantly frowning upon the first dawning of every attempt to alienate any portion of our country from the rest, or to enfeeble the sacred ties which now link together the various parts(for full text see Washington's Farewell Address (wikisource) John Adams presidency[edit | edit source]
Quasi-War 1798[edit | edit source]
XYZ Affair. 1797-98[edit | edit source]
Alien & Sedition Acts, 1798[edit | edit source]
Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions 1798-99[edit | edit source]
Taxation and Fries's Rebellion, 1799[edit | edit source]
Washington DC opened as national capital, 1800[edit | edit source]
Midnight appointments[edit | edit source]
Leads to the "landmark" case, Marbury v. Madison that established judicial review (see below)
new States in 1790s[edit | edit source]
Northwest Territories and Northwest Ordinance of 1787[edit | edit source]
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1800-1810 Jefferson & Madison administrations[edit | edit source]
PERIOD / TIMELINE | Major Events, Concepts & Themes | Notes & connections: details of issues, concepts, themes & events |
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BIG IDEAS Jefferson presidency
Marbury v Madison
European wars continued impact on domestic U.S. politics
Revolution of 1800
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Revolution of 1800[edit | edit source]
Jefferson Inaugural Address, 1801[edit | edit source]
roll-back of Federalist policies[edit | edit source]
Louisiana Purchase, 1802[edit | edit source]
Essex Junto[edit | edit source]
12th Amendment to the Constitution, 1804[edit | edit source]
European blockades of US ports[edit | edit source]
Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves, 1807[edit | edit source]
Madison presidency, 1809-1817[edit | edit source] |
1810s Madison & Monroe administrations[edit | edit source]
PERIOD / TIMELINE | Major Events, Concepts & Themes | Notes & connections: details of issues, concepts, themes & events |
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BIG IDEAS French/ British blockades British impressment of U.S. sailors Indian Wars in Northwest Territories border dispute w/ Canada War of 1812 Monroe & the ""Era of Good Feelings"
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- Napoleonic Wars impact on U.S.: > trade/ blockades > both French and British trying to isolate U.S. trade from the other > British impressment of U.S. sailors/ merchant ships - War of 1812 - economic expansion following War - “American System” adopted, including > 2nd National Bank > federal roads > tariffs - demise of Federalists, rise of Whig party by election of 1824
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1820s: Monroe & Jackson administrations[edit | edit source]
PERIOD / TIMELINE | Major Events, Concepts & Themes | Notes & connections: details of issues, concepts, themes & events |
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BIG IDEAS Era of Good Feelings
<br
<br
<br 2nd Great Awakening, 1820s-1830s/40s
<br Moralism / reform movements
<br Alexis de Tocqueville & "Democracy in America
<br Henry Clay & the "American System"
National Bank
<br Rise of the Whig Party
<br
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Monroe presidency 1st term[edit | edit source]
Era of Good Feelings[edit | edit source]
Monroe Doctrine, 1823[edit | edit source]
rise of Whig party[edit | edit source]
Democratic party[edit | edit source]
Sectionalism[edit | edit source]Election of 1826[edit | edit source]
Rise of Jackson and "Jacksonian democracy"[edit | edit source]
Second Great Awakening[edit | edit source]Second Great Awakening - religious revival, esp, Methodist & Baptists - Charles Finney ran religious revivals and promoted reform movements - new religions arose, including Mormons and Shakers, utopians > some preached apocalyptic visions, end of the world, etc. (“repent the end is near!”) - women involved, reform societies, esp against drinking (temperance), gambling & prostitution (vice) and slavery (abolition) - reformers built orphanages, asylums Alexis de Tocqueville * “Democracy in America”[edit | edit source]> if these people consider themselves each other’s equal, what will they do? - observed how democracies created >> culture of equality >> culture of civic engagement << everyone in a democracy wants to talk politics >> a fluid sociopolitical-economic society Henry Clay's "American system"[edit | edit source]Promoted by Henry Clay (from Kentucky) roads and canal building new technologies: railroads, telegraph = unifying effect, promotes commerce > allows for more western expansion and integration into national economy - internal improvements = main Whig policy (the American System)
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1830s Jackson, Van Buren & >> administrations[edit | edit source]
PERIOD / TIMELINE | Major Events, Concepts & Themes | Notes & connections: details of issues, concepts, themes & events |
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BIG IDEAS subsection
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sectionalism[edit | edit source]
Nat Turner's Rebellion (1831)[edit | edit source]
Republic of Texas[edit | edit source]
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1840s: xx administrations[edit | edit source]
PERIOD / TIMELINE | Major Events, Concepts & Themes | Notes & connections: details of issues, concepts, themes & events |
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BIG IDEAS Manifest Destiny & western expansion
Expansion of Slavery (Texas)
<>big>Mexican-American War
Gold Rush of 1849
Abolition, Women's suffrage & other reform movements
Transcendentalism |
=== subheading
Western expansion leads to Mexican-American war Manifest Destiny > Manifest -= plain, easy to see, clear + Destiny = going to happen >> to move westward Justifies western expansion, settlement >> v. Indians and Spain / Mexico = notion that the nation will expand and it is good and right also: Gold Rush of 1849 Effects: transportation, movement, banking (also slavery tensions) > political activism, especially in response to Compromise of 1850 > American anti-slavery society >> William Lloyd Garrison< abolitionist leader, publisher >> inspired by David Walker, a free black in Boston in 1820s > Frederic Douglass > Harriett Tubman > Sojourner Truth > underground railroad Reform Movements >> combined activism: suffrage, abolitions, temperance, education Transcendentalism = belief that god exists in humans, man & society can be perfected > Ralph Waldo Emerson > Nathaniel Hawthorne (Scarlett Letter) > David Thoreau - Sectional dispute over where to build transcontinental railroad > northern or southern route?
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1850s: xx administrations[edit | edit source]
PERIOD / TIMELINE | Major Events, Concepts & Themes | Notes & connections: details of issues, concepts, themes & events |
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BIG IDEAS
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Compromise of 1850 New territories & states from Mexican-American War & Western expansion = End of Missouri Compromise (1820) Sectional Tensions rise Slavery issues Hardening of politics: pro-/anti-slavery Heading towards war, 1850s presidents do nothing about it Panic of 1857 / Southern economic stability subsection
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=== subheading
Ends the Missouri Compromise (of 1820) Last of the “Great Compromisers” Clay (KY), Calhoun (CS) & Daniel Webster (MA) - Clay divided larger bill into parts in order to pass Parts of the Compromise of 1850 > California admitted as free state > Fugitive Slave Law >> super upsetting to northerners >> concession to Norhterners: banned the slave trade in DC (but not slavery itself) > Utah & New Mexico added as territories w/ each to write its own constitution (popular sovereignty concept re. slavery) > after Compromise of 1850 new generation of leaders take over, more strident, more sectional-minded, more radical / ideological on both sides > decline of Whig power > No Nothings party > American Party, anti-immigrant (“nativism”), anti-catholic >> both sides radicalize >> no way to compromise - Uncle Tom’s Cabin (1852) > book about slave life by Harriett Beecher Stowe > sold 2 mm copies > compared to Common Sense in influence on public - Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854) >> popular sovereignty for KS and NB territories >> radicalizes the public > marks end of Whig party >> “Free Soil” party has KN as its sole issue << Republican can take a wider appeal - “personal liberty laws” passed in north to require trial by jury for disputes over fugitive slaves - Bleeding Kansas or Bloody Kansas (1854-1861) > territories > Lawrence, KS = location of battles between pro- and anti-slavery factions >> John Brown started anti-slave movement there > “Border Ruffians” (rough houser – proslvery MO go to KS / NB to get into a fight - Dred Scott decision by Roger Taney, 1857 > Scott, a slave, went to North, and declared himself free >> owner sues to get him back >> Supreme Rules that slave/blacks are not citizens << >> radicalizes the public - John Brown’s raid (1859) > messianic anti-slavery leader >> God wants us to do this! > Harpers Ferry, VA to instigate a slave rebellion > put down by Federal troops, Brown hanged for treason Panic of 1857 - Contributing factors: > tremendous growth after Mexi-Amer war led to overexpansion > over-extension of credit during boom years accelerated losses after Panic > railroads and telegraph made US more interconnected, so impact of Panic was widespread - Triggers: > sinking of gold ship SS Central America w/ 30K lbs of gold (California gold) > British bank crisis following suspension of reserve requiements (reliance on paper money) led to panic in Britain - Impact: > railroad expansion & hiring halts > grain prices drop, impacting farmers > land prices drop, impacting tax revenues and causing land-tax delinquencies > growth in westward expansion halted until after Civil War - Federal response: > Pres Buchanan blamed panic on use of paper-money withdraws bank notes under $20 >> impact was to force banks to increase hard money (specie) reserves and lower inflation << this worked - Long term impact: > southern economy largely untouched, which led to less pressure on slavery institution from northern > northern bankers and railroads impacted but recovered > midwestern expansion most impacted === subheading
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1860s: Lincoln * Johnson administrations[edit | edit source]
PERIOD / TIMELINE | Major Events, Concepts & Themes | Notes & connections: details of issues, concepts, themes & events |
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BIG IDEAS
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Election of 1860 Lincoln Republican Party Southern secession Civil War Lincoln war measures (shutting down press, draft, keeping the border states)
Civil War economic impact North wins in war and economics Southern economy in ruins Republican policies enacted CIVIL WAR ERA CONSTITUTIONAL AMMENDENTS
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=== subheading
Election of 1860[edit | edit source]Lincoln position on slavery: no expansion but left where it was >> but argued against slavery as unethical = argues against slavery but not its abolition >> Southerners and northern abolitions don’t like Lincoln >> southerners assume he is against slavery >> abolitionists assume he is no strong on the issue - 4-way split election: > Democratic party split between north (Douglas) Southern candidates (Breckenridge) > the 4th candidate was a border-state, pro-Union, pro-slavery but anti-spread of slavery former Democrat, John Bell, who carried border states and Virginia > Lincoln won w/ mostly northern votes which gave him Electoral College majority = clear winner > South Carolina secedes, followed by others up to March 1861 when Lincoln took office Civil War: Lincoln's policies[edit | edit source]
=== subheading
>> but argued against slavery as unethical = argues against slavery but not its abolition >> Southerners and northern abolitions don’t like Lincoln >> southerners assume he is against slavery >> abolitionists assume he is no strong on the issue - 4-way split election: > Democratic party split between north (Douglas) Southern candidates (Breckenridge) > the 4th candidate was a border-state, pro-Union, pro-slavery but anti-spread of slavery former Democrat, John Bell, who carried border states and Virginia > Lincoln won w/ mostly northern votes which gave him Electoral College majority = clear winner > South Carolina secedes, followed by others up to March 1861 when Lincoln took office Lincoln positions during war - does not recognize secession - U.S. Gov will defend its properties > Ft. Sumter = 1st battle of the war, off coast of Charleston, SC - War is about UNION Meaning of the War - to Southerners: > felt they were defending Constitutional rights > considered the North the aggressors - to Northerners > many but not all were anti-slavery > to save the Union >> the question for Union: can a people rule themselves? (self-government) >> Europeans looked upon Civil War as demonstration that democracy can’t work Both sides started with enthusiasm for war and expectation that it would be short Slavery - Lincoln’s position was originally that slavery should not be expanded > but during the war, he used the issue as a wartime measure > he did not ban slavery in loyal border states >> to keep them loyal to the Union > Emancipation Proclamation was huge diplomatic victory, as it made the conflict about slavery, so Europeans could not support the South = Lincoln ended up using slavery as an issue to give purpose to the war Important Battles: - Antietam, 1862 = Union victory, gave Lincoln excuse to launch the Emancipation Proclamation (1862) > freed slaves in states under rebellion >> he previously abolished slavery in federal territories, including DC - Gettysburg, 1863 > along with losing control of the Mississippi River, Gettysburg ended the southern chances to win the war > Lincoln used battlefield for Gettysburg Address, needed a big victory for impact - Lincoln moves the meaning of the war from just preserving the union and self-government to equality and ending slavery (liberty) in Gettysburg Address Why north wins? - bigger population, bigger army - industrial base - strategies >> Annaconda strategy << to isolate the south by controlling the coasts and Mississippi River (accomplished by Jul 1863) Partisans: - many Democrats in north are anti-war (Esp. immigrant areas, NYC riots) >>critical of Lincoln’s wartime measures to block bad press Radical Republicans – block of senators who are strongly anti-slavery > criticize Lincoln for not doing enough - south destroyed - industrialization in north < ex,. Andrew Carnegie steel industry titan, gained fortune in Civil War - railroads expand: > transcontinental railroad > the country is more connected (markets, politics, economics) - urbanization - presidential powers enhanced > esp via enforcement of Constitutional Amendments and Civil Rights Laws - with the South in rebellion, the Northern states could enact legislation they had been unable to pass otherwise, including: - Transcontinental Railroad via the northern route (Pacific Railroad Act, 1862) - Homestead Act (1862) that gave 160 acres to “homesteaders” who agreed to stay on the land for 5 years (ie, not sell it) >> Morrill Land-Grant Act was part of this legislation: gave proceeds of federal land sales to states for building of state colleges - Confiscation Acts, which allowed for taking property of anyone in rebellion and freeing their slaves - Freedman’s bureau: to lease lands to freed slaves 13. Outlawed slavery 14. a. Citizenship for former slaves b. Protect “privileges & immunities” and “due process” c. Equal Protection for all citizens 15. Voting rights for black men |
xx administrations[edit | edit source]
PERIOD / TIMELINE | Major Events, Concepts & Themes | Notes & connections: details of issues, concepts, themes & events |
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BIG IDEAS subsection
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=== subheading
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RECONSTRUCTION Northern occupation of South How to bring South back into union while protecting rights of freedmen? = northern army occupation of the South enforce Civil War outcomes = to enforce the amendments and civil right laws = to bring the south back into the union >> Lincoln’s 2nd inaugural address >>> goal is to end war and heal wounds Radical Republicans wanted to punish the South Compromise of 1877 - 1876 election disputed, sent to House for decision - deal cut to elect Hayes in exchange for removing federal troops from south, effectively ending Reconstruction End of Reconstruction - Segregation imposed by whites > “Jim Crow” laws restricted blacks’ rights - Klu Klux Klan gained power and intimidated blacks - sharecropping system grows: > poor farmers, black and white, had to pay rent to farm land and loaned money for seeds and tools at high rates >> indebted them to the landowners - Plessy v. Ferguson, 1883 > court case that created “separate but equal” rule that legalized segregation (until 1950s, when overturned by Brown v. Board of Education, 1954) > overturned Civil Rights Act of 1875 that prohibited discrimination in public businesses and facilities Western frontier Indian Wars Railroads connect to the West - By 1890, ND, SK, WA, MT were states - Little Bighorn: Sioux tribes opposed western settlements; US Army sent to oppose them, leading to battle of Little Bighorn, which marked the end of Indian resistance to U.S. western expansion - Ghost Dance movement: Indian revivalist movement that preached liberation of Indians from US occupation - Wounded Knee: battle between Federal troops and Indians, many from the Ghost Dance movement, massacre of the Indians who resisted - railroads had connected the West to the East > “standardized time” adopted to manage rail schedules, leading to time zones - Note: Turner Frontier Thesis: a 20th century historian claimed that the “closing” of the frontier, i.e. filling up the country, changed America because the frontier had allowed the country to grow, promoted democracy and gave opportunity to people moving west; and that the “closing” of the frontier reduced those aspects Urbanization Immigration drives urban growth Political Machines in northern cities Growth of cites, especially New York - rail and trolly networks lead to and through cities = growth - immigration explodes: pay better in the U.S. than home countries > chain migration leads to ethnic neighborhoods > “tenements” = multi-family housing > immigrants compete with blacks for labor - “factory towns” > poor living conditions, reliance on the factories - Political bosses used immigrants for votes to control city governments > “political machines” > bosses provided services to residents in exchange for political support > “Boss Tweed” = corrupt NYC mayor, 1870s, finally jailed in 1878 >> Thomas Nast drew cartoons criticized Tweed & corruption
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