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* See * [[Word Parts of Speech & Grammar Rules]] for list of various key words, their use, and part of speech | * See * [[Word Parts of Speech & Grammar Rules]] for list of various key words, their use, and part of speech | ||
== adjective == | |||
* modify nouns | |||
== adverb == | |||
* in general, adverbs provide additional information about an action | |||
** how, when, where, degree, or state of an action | |||
* modify verbs | |||
** "He shopped quickly" | |||
* modify adjectives: | |||
** in the sense of describing "the state", degree, or situation of the descriptor | |||
* Sources: | |||
** [[https://literarydevices.net/adverb/ Advrb (literarydevices.net)]] | |||
== article == | |||
* also called "determiner" | |||
* definite article: | |||
** the | |||
** refers to a specific noun, usually already stated or defined | |||
* indefinite article: | |||
* a or an | |||
** refers to a general noun, usually not already stated or defined | |||
** indefinite articles are not used to refer to a general noun or one that cannot be counted | |||
* click on EXPAND to see examples of articles: | |||
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> | |||
*** ex. "water" cannot be counted, so "a water" is incorrect | |||
**** "may I have a water" should be instead "may I have some water" | |||
** zero articles | |||
*** when the noun represents a generic idea, the article can be omitted | |||
*** ex. | |||
**** "They went on vacation" as opposed to "they went on a vacation " | |||
</div> | |||
* see | |||
** [https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/general_writing/grammar/using_articles.html Purdue OWN Using Articles} | |||
** [https://www.grammarly.com/blog/articles/ What Are Articles?] | |||
== conjunction == | |||
== interjection == | |||
* aside remarks or interruptions | |||
* an exclamation | |||
** expresses a spontaneous reaction or emotion | |||
* click EXPAND to see examples of interjections: | |||
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> | |||
* "no!" | |||
* "okay" | |||
* "damn!" | |||
* "heh!" | |||
</div> | |||
== noun == | == noun == | ||
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** B) and D) the noun "opportunities" cannot possess the preposition "for" | ** B) and D) the noun "opportunities" cannot possess the preposition "for" | ||
** A) "workers'" is incorrect object | ** A) "workers'" is incorrect object | ||
== preposition == | |||
* express relationship in time, place, or sequence | |||
* add information to a sentence | |||
* can relate other word forms to one another, including nouns (usually), adjectives, and verbs | |||
click EXPAND for list of prepositions: | |||
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|+ Quick list of (single word) prepositions | |||
|- | |||
| across || after || among | |||
|- | |||
| before || behind || beneath | |||
|- | |||
|by || down || during | |||
|- | |||
| from || in || into | |||
|- | |||
| of || off || on | |||
|- | |||
| over || past || since | |||
|- | |||
| throughout || to || toward/s | |||
|- | |||
| under ||until || up | |||
|- | |||
| upon || with || within/out | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|+ Quick list of combined words that act as a single-word preposition | |||
|- | |||
| according to || as of || ahead of | |||
|- | |||
| aside from|| at the risk of || by means of | |||
|- | |||
| except for || in addition to || in case of | |||
|- | |||
| next to|| on top of || up against | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
</div> | |||
=== Overlap of prepositions, adverbs & subordinating conjunctions === | |||
* some words operate or "overlap" in their grammatical roles | |||
click EXPAND for more on the overlap of prepositions & adverbs and prepositions & subordinating conjunctions | |||
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> | |||
* overlap of prepositions and adverbs: | |||
** = "intransitive preposition" | |||
** = prepositions may or may not define a "noun phrase" (which prepositions would normally accompany) | |||
*** note: | |||
**** transitive verb = must be accompanied by an object | |||
**** intransitive verb = does not need an object ("I feel happy") | |||
**** so intransitive prepositions do not need a noun or noun phrase | |||
* most dictionaries qualify intransitive prepositions as adverbs, such as "abroad," "now," "until" | |||
** ex. of intransitive preposition: "They went ahead" or "The dog is outside" | |||
*** with a noun these would be more clearly prepositions: "They went ahead of the others" or "The dog is outside the fence" | |||
* overlap of prepositions and subordinating conjunctions | |||
** = a "conjunctive preposition" | |||
** "I got my license before last year" (before= preposition that defines when "I went to school") | |||
** vs.: "I got my license before last year ended" (before = combines "I got my license" and "last year ended" and defines which came first) | |||
*** we can view "before" as subordinating the phrase, "last year ended," which is technically a complete thought and sentence | |||
*** however, since "before" is defining the "when," which is a core function of a preposition, we can call it one, or call it a "conjunctive preposition" when also acting as a [[#subordinating conjunction]]. | |||
*** ''like'' can also operate as both preposition and a subordinating conjunction | |||
</div> | |||
=== prepositional phrase === | |||
* = a phrase created by a preposition + its object | |||
* = dependent clauses, so are separated from a main or dominant clause by a comma | |||
* prepositional phrases that modify verbs are called ""adverbial phrases" | |||
* see | |||
** [[https://writer.com/blog/prepositional-phrase/ Prepositional phrases: what they are and examples (writer.com)]] | |||
=== other exceptions === | |||
* prepositional phrases can also act as nouns, usually as the subject of a sentence | |||
** and usually in reference to a location or time that has an action (verb), such as: | |||
*** "During the summer is the best time to play outside" | |||
*** "After I exercise is when I feel best" | |||
* see: | |||
** [[https://www.englishgrammar101.com/module-7/prepositions/lesson-6/prepositional-phrases-as-nouns Prepositional Phrases as Nouns(englishgrammar.com)]] | |||
** [[https://www.brighthubeducation.com/english-homework-help/46995-the-nominal-functions-of-prepositions-and-prepositional-phrases/ How to Use Prepositions as Subjects, Subject Complements, and Direct Objects (brighthub.com)]] | |||
== pronoun == | |||
* "pro" = for; "noun" | |||
* refer to a noun in oder to avoid repetition | |||
* pronoun forms | |||
** subject | |||
** object | |||
** possessive | |||
** comparisons | |||
** see [https://www.dummies.com/education/language-arts/grammar/how-to-pick-pronouns-for-comparisons/ How to Pick Pronouns for Comparisons (Dummies)] | |||
== verb == | == verb == | ||
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** [https://www.verbto.com/ Verb conjugations] | ** [https://www.verbto.com/ Verb conjugations] | ||
'''Categories''' | '''Categories''' | ||
* [[Category:Grammar]] | * [[Category:Grammar]] | ||
* [[Category:Word Parts of Speech & Grammar Rules]] | * [[Category:Word Parts of Speech & Grammar Rules]] |