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 == prepositions ==
 * express relationship in time, place, or sequence
-* prepositions add information to a sentence
+* add information to a sentence
-* prepositions are dependent clauses, so are separated from a main or dominant clause by a comma
+* can relate other word forms to one another, including nouns (usually), adjectives, and verbs
+click EXPAND for list of prepositions:
+<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
+{| class="wikitable"
+|+ Quick list of (single word) prepositions
+|-
+| across || after || among
+|-
+| before || behind || beneath
+|-
+|by || down || during
+|-
+| from || in || into
+|-
+| of || off || on
+|-
+| over || past || since
+|-
+| throughout || to || toward/s
+|-
+| under ||until || up
+|-
+| upon || with || within/out
+|-
+|}
+{| class="wikitable"
+|+ Quick list of (single word) phrases that act as a single-word preposition
+|-
+| according to || as of || ahead of
+|-
+| aside from|| at the risk of || by means of
+|-
+| except for || in addition to || in case of
+|-
+| next to|| on top of || up against
+|-
+|}
+</div>
+=== Overlap of prepositions and adverbs and prepositions and subordinating conjunctions ===
+* some words operate or "overlap" in their grammatical roles
+* as a preposition and an adverb:
+** = "intransitive preposition"
+** = prepositions may or may not define a "noun phrase" (which prepositions would normally accompany)
+*** note:
+**** transitive verb = must be accompanied by an object
+**** intransitive verb = does not need an object ("I feel happy")
+**** so intransitive prepositions do not need a noun or noun phrase
+* most dictionaries qualify intransitive prepositions as adverbs, such as "abroad," "now," "until"
+** ex. of intransitive preposition: "They went ahead" or "The dog is outside"
+*** with a noun these would be more clearly prepositions: "They went ahead of the others" or "The dog is outside the fence"
+* as a preposition and a subordinating conjunction
+** = a "conjunctive preposition"
+** "I got my license before last year" (before= preposition that defines when "I went to school")
+** vs.: "I got my license before last year ended" (before = combines "I got my license" and "last year ended" and defines which came first)
+*** we can view "before" as subordinating the phrase, "last year ended," which is technically a complete thought and sentence
+*** however, since "before" is defining the "when," which is a core function of a preposition, we can call it one, or call it a "conjunctive preposition" when also acting as a [https://school4schools.com/wiki/index.php?title=Grammar#subordinating_conjunctions subordinating conjunction].
+*** ''like'' also operates as both preposition and conjunction
+=== Overlap of prepositions and adverbs and prepositions and subordinating conjunctions ===
+* some words operate or "overlap" in their grammatical roles
+* as a preposition and a subordinating conjunction:
+** "I got my license before last year" (before= preposition that defines when "I went to school")
+** vs.: "I got my license before last year ended" (before = combines "I got my license" and "last year ended" and defines which came first)
+*** ''like'' also operates as both preposition and conjunction
+== types of phrases created by parts of speech ===
+=== prepositional phrase ===
+* when a preposition requires additional information to follow (called a "complement")
+started by a preposition and contains additional information
+*
+are dependent clauses, so are separated from a main or dominant clause by a comma
 == interjections ==