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Ancient Egypt: Difference between revisions
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===Akhenaten (Amenhotep IV)=== | ===Akhenaten (Amenhotep IV) & Nefertiti === | ||
[[File:La_salle_dAkhenaton_(1356-1340_av_J.C.)_(Musée_du_Caire)_(2076972086).jpg|right|250px|thumb|Pharaoh Akhenaten (center) and his family worshiping the Aten, with characteristic rays seen emanating from the solar disk. Later such imagery was prohibited.]] | [[File:La_salle_dAkhenaton_(1356-1340_av_J.C.)_(Musée_du_Caire)_(2076972086).jpg|right|250px|thumb|Pharaoh Akhenaten (center) and his family worshiping the Aten, with characteristic rays seen emanating from the solar disk. Later such imagery was prohibited.]] | ||
* reign: 1353 – 1336 BC | * reign: 1353 – 1336 BC | ||
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** [http://www.famoushistoricalevents.net/belief-akhenaten/ Belief Of Akhenaten] | ** [http://www.famoushistoricalevents.net/belief-akhenaten/ Belief Of Akhenaten] | ||
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'''Nefertiti''' | |||
''' Nefertiti ''' | |||
* wife & queen to Akhenaten | * wife & queen to Akhenaten | ||
** her name translates to | ** her name translates to "The Beautiful Woman has Come" | ||
* likely served as co-regent with Akhenaten during his last year and possibly as pharaoh outright | |||
click EXPAND for details | click EXPAND for details | ||
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> | <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> | ||
[[File:Nofretete Neues Museum.jpg|right|250px|thumb|Nefertiti bust, perhaps the most famous depiction of an ancient Egyptian ]] | [[File:Nofretete Neues Museum.jpg|right|250px|thumb|Nefertiti bust, perhaps the most famous depiction of an ancient Egyptian ]] | ||
** | * family lineage disputed, most likely: | ||
* title | <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> | ||
* theories of her rule as pharaoh: | click EXPAND for more | ||
** she may have ruled as co-regent with | ** father = likely, Ay, advisor to Amenhotep III and Tutankhamun | ||
** mother ? perhaps Tey, wife of Ay, but only reference to her is as "nurse" to Nefertiti | |||
*** a theory is that an earlier wife, "luy" and Tey was Nefertiti's stepmother | |||
** sibling theories: | |||
*** that Akhenaten and Nefertiti were full siblings is based on depictions of them as the sibling gods, Shu and Tefnut | |||
*** that her name, "The Beautiful Woman has Come," suggests she was born of a foreign mother | |||
**** Amenhotep III had a Mittani (mideastern) wife, Tadukhipa | |||
**** so it is supposed that she was Nefertiti's mother and thus half-brother to Akhenaten | |||
</div> | |||
* title as Egyptian queen = "Great Royal Wife" | |||
* theories of her rule as co-ruler and/or pharaoh: | |||
** that Nefertiti influenced Akhenaten to worship Aten (the sun god) | |||
** depictions of Akhenaten and Nefertiti show them in equal proportions | |||
** depictions show Nefertiti leading ceremonies and receiving diplomats | |||
* co-regent: | |||
** she may have ruled as co-regent with Akhenaten the year before his death | |||
*** if so, it suggests that he knew he was dying, perhaps of a plague | *** if so, it suggests that he knew he was dying, perhaps of a plague | ||
** a brief successor king to Akhenaten was named Neferneferuaten | ** a brief successor king to Akhenaten was named Neferneferuaten | ||
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**** thus naming her "Neferneferuaten Nefertiti" | **** thus naming her "Neferneferuaten Nefertiti" | ||
**** the suffix "aten" = same as "Akhen-aten", for the god "Aten" | **** the suffix "aten" = same as "Akhen-aten", for the god "Aten" | ||
** there is little evidence for the succession of | ** there is little evidence for the succession of Akhenaten | ||
*** much evidence of his rule was erased by his successors | *** much evidence of his rule was erased by his successors | ||
''' the Hittite letters''' | ''' the Hittite letters''' | ||
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** possible authors of the letter are Nerfertiti, her daughter, Meritaten, or Ankhesenamun, wife of Tutankhamun | ** possible authors of the letter are Nerfertiti, her daughter, Meritaten, or Ankhesenamun, wife of Tutankhamun | ||
* see [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nefertiti#Hittite_letters Hittite Letters (wiki)]] | * see [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nefertiti#Hittite_letters Hittite Letters (wiki)]] | ||
* sources: | |||
** [[https://www.ancient.eu/Nefertiti/ Nefertiti (ancient.eu)]] | |||
** https://www.arce.org/resource/akhenaten-nefertiti-aten-many-gods-one Akhenaten, Nefertiti & Aten: From Many Gods to One (arce.org)]] | |||
** [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nefertiti Nefertiti (wiki)]] | |||
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'''succession of Akhenaten''' | |||
* there seem to be two pharaohs between Akhenaten and his son Tutankhamun | |||
click EXPAND for more: | |||
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> | |||
** the order is a guess and could be in reverse | |||
** evidence is uncertain; if so: | |||
* Smenkhkare | |||
** possibly co-regent with Akhenaten (before Nefertiti's co-regency) | |||
** it is only speculation that Smenkhkare served as actual pharaoh | |||
*** portions of "wine dockets" (containers) mention "Regnal Year 1" or years 2-3 from the "house of Smenkhkare" | |||
* see [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smenkhkare Smenkhkare (wiki)]] | |||
* Neferneferuaten | |||
** thought to be Nefertiti | |||
** this pharaoh is thought to have moved the royal capital back to Thebes, thus ending the cult of Aten | |||
* possibly, these were regents to Tutankhamun and not outright pharaohs | |||
** "cartouches," a hieroglyph representing royalty, depict Smenkhkare and Neferneferuaten | |||
*** but that is not evidence enough of their ascension to pharaoh | |||
</div> | </div> | ||