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Ancient Egypt: Difference between revisions
expanded Hatshepsut entry
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* it is possible that Thutmose II was the "[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharaoh_of_the_Exodus Pharaoh of the Exodus"]] (from the Jewish bible) | * it is possible that Thutmose II was the "[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharaoh_of_the_Exodus Pharaoh of the Exodus"]] (from the Jewish bible) | ||
** evidence for it: | ** evidence for it: | ||
*** his reign ended abruptly | *** his reign ended abruptly, leaving a two-year old heir | ||
*** cysts on his mummified body indicate possible plague | *** cysts on his mummified body indicate possible plague | ||
* see [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thutmose_II Thutmose II (wiki)]] | * see [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thutmose_II Thutmose II (wiki)]] | ||
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* 1508–1458 BC; ruled from 1479-1458 BC | * 1508–1458 BC; ruled from 1479-1458 BC | ||
* ruled as regent for Amenhotep's two-year old son, Thutmose III | * ruled as regent for Amenhotep's two-year old son, Thutmose III | ||
* declared herself | * declared herself pharaoh and exercised full powers of pharaoh | ||
** one of two Egyptian female pharaohs (with Sobekneferu of the Middle Kingdom) | |||
* major accomplishments include expansion of trade networks & extensive construction projects | |||
click EXPAND for details | click EXPAND for details | ||
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> | <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> | ||
* rule: | * rule: | ||
** daughter of Thutmose I who had no male heirs (giving her strong dynastic legitimacy) | ** daughter of Thutmose I who had no male heirs (giving her strong dynastic legitimacy) | ||
** married half-brother Thutmose II | ** married half-brother, Thutmose II | ||
** inherited rule from Thutmose II who died while her stepson was too young to rule (later Thutmose III) | ** inherited rule from Thutmose II who died while her stepson was too young to rule (later Thutmose III) | ||
** Hatshepsut started as regent, | ** Thutmose III's mother was another wife of Thutmose II, Isit | ||
*** Hatshepsut had only one child, a daughter, Neferure | |||
** Hatshepsut started as sole regent for Thutmose III as he grew up | |||
*** that she ruled as regent indicates that she exercised power during Thutmose II's reign, or at least at the end of it | |||
*** as Thutmose III grew up, she ruled as co-regent with him | |||
*** she then declared herself pharaoh | |||
*** she claimed to have been the legitimate successor of her father, Thutmose I | |||
*** from her burial temple, inscribed was Thutmose I's command: | |||
<pre> "This daughter of mine, Khnumetamun Hatshepsut—may she live!—I have appointed as my successor upon my throne... she shall direct the people in every sphere of the palace; it is she indeed who shall lead you. Obey her words, unite yourselves at her command." | |||
** Hatshepsut then exercised full power as pharaoh herself until her death | |||
** Vizier = Senenmut, possibly from rule of Thutmose I, certainly inherited from Thutmose II | ** Vizier = Senenmut, possibly from rule of Thutmose I, certainly inherited from Thutmose II | ||
* female pharaoh | * as female pharaoh: | ||
** wore pharaoh formal attire including the false beard for official events | ** wore pharaoh formal attire including the false beard for official events | ||
** she was depicted in her time both in female and pharaonic dress | ** she was depicted in her time both in female and pharaonic dress | ||
** she named herself "Maatkare" ("truth is the soul of the sun god") | |||
*** the name reinforced her legitimacy as representative of the god Amun | |||
*** Amun's proclamation of her rule was inscribed on a monument: | |||
<pre>Welcome my sweet daughter, my favorite, the King of Upper and Lower Egypt, Maatkare, Hatshepsut. Thou art the Pharaoh, taking possession of the Two Lands.</pre> | |||
* accomplishments: | * accomplishments: | ||
** Hatshepsut focused on economic expansion of Egyptian trade networks | ** Hatshepsut focused on economic expansion of Egyptian trade networks | ||
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** sponsored massive building projects, including temples, obelisks, and statues | ** sponsored massive building projects, including temples, obelisks, and statues | ||
*** she ordered built the tallest surviving obelisk at Karnak (one of two placed at the temple entrance) | *** she ordered built the tallest surviving obelisk at Karnak (one of two placed at the temple entrance) | ||
* | * erasure of Hatshepsut's legacy | ||
** her stepson, Thutmose III and his son defaced and destroyed his step-mother's legacy by destroying her monuments and temples, defacing inscriptions and otherwise removing reference to her in his own inscriptions | ** her stepson, Thutmose III and his son defaced and destroyed his step-mother's legacy by destroying her monuments and temples, defacing inscriptions and otherwise removing reference to her in his own inscriptions | ||
** however, erasure was incomplete and focused only on the most public displays | ** however, erasure was incomplete and focused only on the most public displays | ||