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AP US History vocabulary list: Difference between revisions
→Pre-Columbian
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== Pre-Columbian == | == Pre-Columbian == | ||
The pre-Columbian period is that period during which | |||
Prior to the Spanish contact with Caribbean Sea tribes starting in 1492, the Americas were isolated from the rest of the world. While there was contact with Viking explorers along the coast of northeastern North America, there was no continual European or other presence until Columbus. | |||
{| | As a result, | ||
<div style="column-count:2"> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Algonquian| largest language group of North American tribes who occupied the northeastern coast, and central-east Canada; Algonquian tribes traded with the French and aligned with them against English colonists and their Iroquois allies, who were their traditional enemies}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Cahokia | Mississippian culture city and mounds area located near modern St. Louis, MO; held 10-15,000 residents around 1100 AD and held perhaps 40,000 residents in the immediate region; if considered as a city in its entirety (doubtful), it was the largest city in United States region until 1780s Philadelphia)}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Hopewell tradition| Ohio Valley cultures of the '''Woodland Period''' that were interconnected by trade and shared cultural traits, such as mound building}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:indigenous| native to a place; original inhabitants}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Iroquois| North American tribes and linguistic group who originally occupied lands surrounding the St. Lawrence River and Lakes Ontario and Erie, as well as parts of upstate New York and Virginia; the Iroquois Confederacy arose after European contact, as tribes expanded and combined into the "Five Nations" who controlled central New York, Pennsylvania and the western slopes of the Appalachian Mountains}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Iroquois Confederacy| starting in the mid-15th century, just prior to European contact, Iroquois tribes started a loose "confederacy," or federation, of independent, usually linguistically related tribes who joined politically for common defense, land organization, etc. versus enemy tribes; into the European colonial period, the Iroquois Confederacy strengthened through trade and technological acquisition; the Iroquois Confederacy, or "Five Tribes" consisted of the e Oneida, Mohawk, Onondaga, Cayuga, and Seneca; each tribe was governed by groups of "sachems," or local chiefs}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Mississippian period/ culture| 800-1600 AD, period of extensive maize production and mound building across the Mississippi valley, including moderate urbanization and centralized rule}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Mound Builders| starting 500 BC with early Woodland cultures that exercised social and political cohesion to the extent of building massive earthwork "mounds" that served religious or ceremonial purposes; latter Woodland period mounds could be massive}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Navajo| possibly from 2nd wave migrations which had settled in Canada, Navajo migrated around 1100 AD to the southwest where they competed with the declining Pueblo populations, and from whom the Navajo learned to farm; they later adopted herding originating from the Spanish}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Pueblo culture| Southwestern American culture that populated modern New Mexico ; "pueblo" means "village" (the Navajo called them "Anasazi" for "Ancient Enemy"); Pueblos built cliff-dwellings and complex adobe (clay) houses; traded as far as Mexico}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Plains Indians | tribes that occupied the Great Plains as hunter-gatherers hunting buffalo and living in tepees; introduction of maize led to some settlement; post-Columbian introduction of horses in late 17th and 18th century led to increased range of hunting and warfare, after which the Plains Indians became highly associated with horses thereafter}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:reciprocal relations| Native American cultural and economic structures were largely based on reciprocal relations that shared territory, land use and labor; however, those relations were largely tied to linguistic and ethnic alliances that otherwise competed and warred with one another when in contact or conflict over resources; the reciprocal concept of land use, especially was not shared by European settlers who employed notions of private property and land ownership, which led to mistrust and conflict between indigenous and colonial populations}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text: "Three Sisters" crops | maize (corn), beans and squash were the primary agricultural food sources for Central and North American pre-Columbian peoples; the crops were planted next to one another for their compatibility (corn provided stalks for beans to climb; the beans stabilized the stalks during storms; large squash leaves provided shade to preserve ground moisture, and beans produced nitrogen which helps maize grow}}</ul></li> | |||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:Woodland Period| Eastern and central North American indigenous cultures that thrived from 1000 BC to 1000 AD; period marked by trade, cultural exchange, population growth and linguistic variation; they were mostly hunter-gatherers but with some but not extensive maize production, especially in the later periods}}</ul></li> | |||
</div> | |||
<br>Pre-Columbian Americas Timeline | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:small;" | |||
|+Pre-Columbian Americas Timeline | |+Pre-Columbian Americas Timeline | ||
!Dates | !Dates | ||
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|13,000-3,000 | |13,000-3,000 | ||
|Peopling of the Americas | |Peopling of the Americas | ||
| | | called the "first wave" (of three); most indigenous Americans in South, Central and North America are descended from these groups | ||
|- | |- | ||
|12,000 | |12,000 | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|600-1140 AD | |600-1140 AD | ||
|Pueblo culture thrives in American Southwest; moved from cliff dwellings to complex villages, 700-900 AD; droughts starting 1130 led to decline and abandonment of Chaco Canyon | |Pueblo culture thrives in American Southwest; moved from cliff dwellings to complex villages, 700-900 AD; | ||
|droughts starting 1130 led to decline and abandonment of Chaco Canyon | |||
|- | |- | ||
|1000-1350 | |1000-1350 | ||
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| | | | ||
|} | |} | ||
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