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AP US History vocabulary list: Difference between revisions
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=== Economics === | === Economics === | ||
* "artisanal republicanism"| the ideal of agricultural-based, independence through self-sufficiency and independent farms | |||
* cotton gin | * cotton gin | ||
* division of labor| as the economy expanded through growing population, connected markets (roads, canals and, eventually, railroads), the traditional artisanal economy that was self-sufficiency (building everything locally) yielded to specialized labor and skills that were used for only certain aspects of industrial and commercial production; so, rather than one person making a cabinet, multiple sets of workers would specialize in certain aspects of that production (metal or wood, working, painting, etc.); specialized labor, or "division of labor" led to set wages for types of jobs, with low-skilled jobs getting paid the least; the system challenged the Jeffersonian belief in "artisanal republicanism" | |||
* Erie Canal | started in 1817 by the state of New York, connected the Hudson River with Lake Erie, thus joining New York City and its coastal and ocean trade networks to the Midwest, which provided markets for industrial goods, raw materials for factories, and movement of people and ideas; the Erie canal was a huge investment, thus needed financing from the state and its banking partners; the canal's economic importance is tremendous, although it and other canals were eclipsed by railroads due to the faster speed of railroads and their geographic flexibility; note that river-transportation is more efficient than on canals, especially with steamboats (that can move upstream), so rivers remain significant carriers of commercial traffic today | |||
* Erie Canal still operates today; | |||
* labor theory of value| a theory promoted by labor union organizers that the workers should profit from the goods they produce more than the owners of the factories | |||
* land speculation | * land speculation | ||
* machine tools| an industry that specialized in making machines and tools for use in other factories; these industries became expert at mechanical production, especially using metals | |||
* market revolution | | |||
* mineral-based economy| into the 1830s, the growing use of coal to power mills and factories supplemented the need for water mills; growing mining expertise and use of "furnaces" (smelters to melt metals) led to production of metals and metal-based items, including machines, household goods, etc. | |||
* National Bank | * National Bank | ||
* transportation revolution| before canals, roads and railroads, cities and commerce were dependent on useful natural routes, such as rivers, coastlines and natural paths; canals connected larger waterways; developed roads created more efficient paths across land, and railroads created the ability to move large loads across the land; these developments connected markets, attracted investment and development of land, and fueled the economic, political and demographic growth of the nation | |||
* Waltham-Lowell System| refers to the use of young women as workers in large textile mills; most women came from farms, and took the jobs under the assurance that the factories would care for them with oversight over behaviors and mandatory church attendance; starting in 1820s in Boston, the system spread to other factories in MA and NH ; the system provided a degree of independence to these young women, as well as to earn money for their families | |||
=== Slavery === | === Slavery === | ||
* abolition/ abolitionism/ abolitionist | * abolition/ abolitionism/ abolitionist | ||
* American Anti-Slavery Society| | * <nowiki>American Anti-Slavery Society| starting in 1830s, dedicated to ending slavery; the Society held conventions and published literature and pamphlets, which it distributed across the South in the "great postal campaign" of 1835; in 1840 William Lloyd Garrison insisted that the Society embrace the cause of women's rights, which divided the movement}}</nowiki> | ||
<ul><li>{{#tip-text:amalgamation|means racial mixing and intermarriage, which most whites across the country opposed; "amalgamation" is the same as "miscegenation"; note that "anti-miscegenation" laws remained in effect in some southern states until the 1960s}}</ul></li> | <ul><li>{{#tip-text:amalgamation|means racial mixing and intermarriage, which most whites across the country opposed; "amalgamation" is the same as "miscegenation"; note that "anti-miscegenation" laws remained in effect in some southern states until the 1960s}}</ul></li> | ||
* emancipation | * emancipation | ||
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=== Transcendentalism/ Second Great Awakening === | === Transcendentalism/ Second Great Awakening === | ||
* Adventist/ Adventism|religious movement started in the 1830s by a Baptist preacher (William Miller) who claimed that Christ's Second Coming would occur in 1843 or 1844; the movement is reflective of the Second Great Awakening and its democratization of religious belief | * Adventist/ Adventism| religious movement started in the 1830s by a Baptist preacher (William Miller) who claimed that Christ's Second Coming would occur in 1843 or 1844; the movement is reflective of the Second Great Awakening and its democratization of religious belief | ||
* Hudson Valley artistic movement | * Hudson Valley artistic movement | ||
* Naturalism | * Naturalism | ||
* Second Great Awakening|a series of religious movements marked especially by "revivals," or gatherings, and "romanticism," or focus on the emotional over the rational; population growth and the extension of the frontier offered opportunity for the spread of evangelical religious movements, as well as the democratic impulse of reform | * Second Great Awakening| a series of religious movements marked especially by "revivals," or gatherings, and "romanticism," or focus on the emotional over the rational; population growth and the extension of the frontier offered opportunity for the spread of evangelical religious movements, as well as the democratic impulse of reform | ||
* Henry David Thoreau | * Henry David Thoreau | ||
* transcendentalism | * transcendentalism | ||