AP US History Presidents timeline: Difference between revisions

|Notes / Events/ Themes

|<nowiki>- main goal: set precedents for presidency</nowiki>

>  establish executive authority

>  establish prestige and manner of the presidency, esp. public respect

> separation of powers

>  executive privilege

>  two-year term limit (informal, followed by Washington’s example)

-  operate new government under Constitution

   >>  how to interpret? Strict v loose interpretation

    = debate between Jeffersonians and Hamiltonians

- National Debt = huge issue

>> deal to pay state debts cut in exchange for placement of DC in Maryland/VA

- Whiskey Rebellion (1794)

>  Washington sends federal troops to enforce tax collection

>  established Washington’s willingness to use executive powers

|<nowiki>- "Citizen Genet" (1793)</nowiki>

  >  French diplomat who tried to raise money & arms for French war w/ Britain

- Jay's Treaty (1794)

  >  Battle of Fallen Timbers, 1798, settled fights between US and native Indians (supported by Britain) over Northwest Territory

>  Jay negotiated w/ British

  = prevented war

  >  Brits agreed to leave NW Territories

  >  US agreed to pay some war debts

  >  treaty was unpopular

  > 1796: House of Reps demanded White House documents from the treaty, Washington refused,

   = establishing "executive privilege"

- Treaty of San Lorenzo (1796)

  >  also called "Pinckney's Treaty"

  >  agreement w/ Spain for US access to Miss. River

> removal of Spanish forts on US land

>  promise from Spain to help stop Indian attacks on US settlers

- Washington Farewell Address

> avoid faction/ political parties

> avoid foreign entanglements

|<nowiki>- Setting the example for future Presidents</nowiki>

> dignity of office

> two terms limit

> representing the entire nation

|Notes / Events/ Themes

|<nowiki>- avoided war w/ France</nowiki>

>  XYZ Affair (1797-98)

>> US diplomats to France, which demanded a bribe, 3 French officials = M. X, Y, & Z

>  turned American public against France

>  US had naval clashes w/ French in “Quasi-War” but no declared or all-out war

- Alien & Sedition Acts (1798)

>  "scandalous and malicious writing"

>  anti-immigrants > esp. French

- Virginia & Kentucky Resolutions (1798-99)

>  states can declare a federal law unconstitutional

  = "nullification"

>  authored by Jefferson and Madison

- Midnight appointments: last minute appointments by Adams to fill offices with loyalists/federalists, one Marbury, doesn’t get his papers before Jefferson becomes president, sues the government for his position

- Marbury v. Madison (1803)

>  John Marshall rules that Marbury cannot take the position but only because the law his appointment was based upon, the Judiciary Act of 1789 is unconstitutional

= establishes judicial review

|<nowiki>- Revolution of 1800</nowiki>

> 1st transition of power from one faction to another w/o violence

> Jefferson & Burr tied, Federalists in House ultimately supported Jefferson

- 12th amendment = created party ticket

> president and vice presidents would be voted as a “ticket”

> previously no. 2 in Electoral College vote became V.P.

- 2 party system:

  > 12th amendment

  > electoral college

  >> majority winner requirement rewards 2-party system

- Jefferson Inaugural Address (1801):

> sought to reconcile bitterness between partires/factions

> “We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists”

> Monroe sent to France (which acquired Louisana from the Spanish)

> French no longer needed New Orleans bc of Haitian rebellion

> offered to sell for 15mm

> Jefferson based power to purchase on executive powers of diplomacy

> federalists didn't like b/c would add more southern states

> > Essex Junto w/ Aaron Burr plotted secession, anit-Jefferson

|<nowiki>- British-French conflict:</nowiki>

> 1805 blockades start by Fr & Brit

> Brit start impressment of US sailors

> Embargo Act of 1807: US response to blockades, shut down trade

> New England economy collapse

> Non-Intercourse Act of 1809 reopened trade w/ other nations except Brit/Fr

> Macon's Bill No. 2: reopened trade w/ Brt/Fr

  >> Fr agreed to trade w US, in exchange for US stopping trade w/ Briotain

  >> British step up embargo & impressment

> War Hawks want war to grab more territories, west, southwest and Canada

>> Clay & Calhoun leaders

> Indian wars in Northwest Territories

  >> Battle of Tippiconaoe  /Tecumseh

  >> American settlers want to push into Canada

- ended Indian resistance to US expansion

  > westward push

- more US economic independence from Britain

- Jackson = war hero

- Nationalistic enthusiasm

- ruined Federalist party which had opposed the war

  > Hartford Convention (1814-15)

  >> federalists demanded changes in Constitution required 2/3ds vote for trade, new states, and limiting president to 1 term

- Madison supported:

> American System

  >> manufacturing increased during the War of 1812

> invest in federal roads and canals

> protective tariff

> 2nd national bank (1816)

- national pride following War of 1812, esp. 1815 Battle of New Orleans

- Monroe toured New England to show solidarity

- Monroe was a Democratic-Republican, but supported Nat Bank, tariffs & road building

- US acquired Florida from Spain (Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819)

- McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)

> said states cannot tax federal bank

> asserted federal powres over states, i.e. Supremacy Clause

- Panic of 1819

> national bank tried to collect loans, very unpopular move

|<nowiki>- Monroe Doctrine (1823)</nowiki>

> Madison opposed British efforts to work w/ US to stop Spanish colonialism in Cent Amer

> Monroe state of the union message declared:

  >> US would not accept any new colonization efforts by Euopeans

  >> Europe not to interfere in Americas (including Russia bc Russia was tyring to colonize Alaska)

- Missouri Compromise (1820)

> 36/30 line

> maintain sectional balance between North and South in Senate

|Notes / Events/ Themes

|Election of 1824:

> most states now allow selection fo E.C. electors by vote of the people

>>  demise of caucus system = selection of electors by party leaders

- disputed election 0f 1824

>  Jackson won plurality but not majority

>  election decided in House

  > “Corrupt Bargain”: Clay gave support to JQ Adams in exchange for Sec state appointment

> fought w/ House, which was held by Democrats

> tried to get new tariffs, roads, and federal schools

> vitriolic period, lots of hating on each other

- Tariff of 1828

  > later called "Tariff of Abominations"

  > 50% tariff

nullification movement starts

  >  promoted by Senator John C Calhoun re. the tariff

|<nowiki>- 1st president not born in Virginia or named Adams</nowiki>

  >> considered self-made man

- Jackson supporters from 1824 election became Democratic party

-  anti-nullification

- Jackson was a “unionist”

- opposed the National Bank

  >> vetoed new charter

  >> put federal money in other banks  

  >> paper money, supported "hard currency" = gold and silver

(note: silver later seen as soft money after numerous mines discovered in late 1800s)

- spoils system: put supporters in federal jobs (mostly postal service)

- "Jacksonian democracy"

> universal white manhood suffrage  << enacted by states, not Jackson, but part of Jacksonian revolution

 

- Indian Removal Act (1830) enforced by Jackson

  > Jefferson had sought assimilation

> Jackson promoted removal

> Worcester v. Georgia  (Marshall court ordered the U.S. to respect the property of the Native American tribes

>> Jackson ignored the court order “Mr. Marshall has made his ruling. Now let him enforce it.”

> Trail of Tears, 1835-38 (under Van Buren)

> Seminole War, 1835-1842: enforced Removal Act on Seminole traibes in Florida

  >> Dade Massacre, 1835

- Tariff of 1832

  > South Carolina nullified the law

  > Congress considered a "Force Bill" to send troops to enforce the tariff

  > compromise reached by Clay & Calhoun, lowered tariff rates

|Van Buren continued Jackson economic policies, anti-national bank

- Panic of 1837 caused by

> currency shortage

> "Specie Circular" which ended land sales by Fed Gov on credit, now demanded "hard cash"

- Panic of 1837, made Van Buren unpopular

> defeated Van Buren in 1840 election  

- saw his election as repudiation of Jackson/ Van Buren  

> supported National Bank restoration and Clay's American System

- background:  

> war hero ("Tippecanoe and Tyle Too" election slogan)

- from Ohio

> had served as secretary of the Northwest Territory in 1798; elected to Congress as non-voting representative of the Territory in 1799

> became governor of Indiana territory in 1801

- 1st Whig President

- died of pneumonia

|John Tyler = former Democrat, assumed office as Whig (VP to Harrison)

> > from Virginia

  > opposed many Whig bills in congress

  > known as "President without a party"

- proposed Annexation of Texas

> stuanch "states rights" and pro-slavery proponent

- as a Whig, Tyler's presidency stimied Henry Clay's presidential ambitions

|> defeated Henry Clay in presidential election  

> pledged to serve only one term

- Democrat

- main issues: restore Banking system (ending Jackson's Pet Banks) and lower tariffs

- Oregon Treaty (1846) w/ G.B. to settle border dispuute

  > “54/40 or Fight!”  << slogan to push Polk who didn't want two wars, Mex & Britain, into settling the border issue w/ Canada

Mexican-American War, 1846-48

- Texas independence 1836, joined Union 1845

- Polk tried to buy Soutwest Terriroty

> Mexico refused, Polk put troops on border, provoking attack, which he used to justify starting the war (declared by Congress)

- Whigs: anti-war

  > Lincoln promoted "Spot" resolutions to ridicule Polk (show the “spot” where American blood had been shed) < didn’t go anywhere

> Wilmot Proviso, 1846

  >> no territory taken from Mexico could have slavery

- Treaty of Guadalupe Hildago, 1848 ended war

> Mexican Cession: AZ, NM, CA, NV, UT

  >> areas not suitable for cotton slavery!

Effect on Slavery issue:

 

- “popular sovereignty”: pushed by Southerners to allow slavery into new territories < let the residents of territories decide

 

- renders Compromise of 1820 untenable

> first President never to have held prior office

- defended slavery

- opposed national bank, banks in general

> weak presidency  

> was anti-slavery but held that it was not a federal issue

> deal cut by Henry Clay

> passed as separate laws, including:

>> California admitted as free state

>> NM & Utah territories to allow “popular sovereignty” to decide slavery issue

>> Fugitive Slave Act

>> Texas border w/ New Mexico settled (land for NM, money for TX)

|<nowiki>- pro-Southern northerner Democrat</nowiki>

- ineffectual vs. sectional conflict

- issued “Ostend Manifesto”

> called for annexation of Cuba with European support

  >> goal was to expand U.S. slavery

>> northerners outraged

|<nowiki>- pro-Southern, northern Democrat</nowiki>

> had been diplomat service so was not tainted by Compromise of 1850

- Financial Panic of 1857 reduces Northern economic pressure on South but increases social unrest

- accepts the civil war as inevitable

  >> does nothing to stop it, especially after Lincoln’s election (Nov. 1860) up to leaving office in March, 1861

|Notes / Events/ Themes

> fit the profile of fronteir American:

- tall, poor, rail splitter, learned to read

- “Nothing that’s not wrong with the rest of the world: I have 3 walnuts and each wants 2.”

- served in Congress in 1847-1849 (1 term) and opposed the Mexican-American War

- ran for Senate in Illinois v. Stephen Douglas, thus the "Linocln-Douglas Debates"

> presidential career launched after his "Cooper-Union Speech" that stunned the New York establishment audience with his wisdom and rhetorical ability; in the speech Lincoln articulated his slavery position as personally against it, accepting it where presently existed and opposing any further expansion  

|<nowiki>- “western” Republican – from Illinois</nowiki>

- realist politician

- very effective orator

- never held high offices (only 1 term in House; not in a cabinet, not in the Senate)

- Lincoln-Douglas debates, 1858

> “Great debates”

> was for 1858 Senate election for Illinois

> incumbent is Democrat Stephen Douglas

  >> Douglas wins the election

   >> Lincoln wins the debates, prepares him for 1860 election

> Douglas argues for popular sovereignty

  = let people in states and territories decide for themselves

> Lincoln’s point

  >> slavery wrong, but didn’t argue against ending it, only containing it to where it already existed (South)

  >> sought to contain and not banish slavery

 >>  promoted various schemes to purchase slaves and send them back to Africa

>> in 1862 he stated:  

''“If I could save the Union without freeing any slave I would do it, and if I could save it by freeing all the slaves I would do it; and if I could save it by freeing some and leaving others alone I would also do that.”''

 >>  changed stance on slavery during the Civil War, moving towards ending slavery

- Inaugural address, 1861, declared that his government had ''“no purpose, directly or indirectly, to interfere with slavery in the States where it exists.”''

> Lincoln had already issued a ban on slavery in territories and Wash DC, which included compensating slave owners for loss of “property”

> DC

> justified it as war-time measure

> banned slavery in rebellion states and not in border states that were loyal to Union

> the Proclamation marked first significant step by federal gov to end slavery

- Gettysburg address, 1863

> gave speech at battlefield to mark Union victory there

 

 

 

 

 

See concepts chart for more on Lincoln’s war strategies

| - border state politician

 

>Lincoln wanted a Democrat on the ballot to appeal to pro-War democrats)

> ruled as a border state Democrat

- inherits Lincoln cabinet (presidential officers, secretaries

> Radical Republicans run Congress and Johnson’s cabinet

 >>  they object to his policies of leniency towards South

  >> override his veto of Civil Rights Act of 1866, which gave citizenship to freedmen (this is before 14^th  Amendment)

>> House impeached him for firing his Secretary of War

>> Senate failed to convict him by one vote, so he staid in office

- Alaska purchased from Russia, called “Seward’s Folly” (Sec. State Seward who negotiated the deal; people considered Alaska an empty territory…)

|<nowiki>- war hero, elected easily</nowiki>

- enforced reconstruction

- protected former slaves

- sought to destroy the Klu Klux Klan, mostly successful

|<nowiki>- lost popularity bc of corruption in his government</nowiki>

> Credit Mobiler scandal, 1872, rocked Grant’s administration

>> railroad financing scheme via a French bank was used for stock sales, implicating Vice President Colfax and others in the administration.

> the scandal contributed to the Panic of 1873, which led to loss of public support

|Notes / Events/ Themes

|<nowiki>- Republican, Civil War general, supporter of Reconstruction</nowiki>

- but was bound by the “Compromise of 1877” to remove troops from South, ending Reconstruction

- promoted “Civil Service reform,” which was to end jacksonian “spoils system” of appointing political supporters to public office (mostly Postal Service, but also others)

- Panic of 1873

- “Great Railroad Strike of 1877” – Hayes agreed to send federal troops to squash riots and strikes at governors’ request but never used them; it followed the precedent set by Washington’s “Whiskey rebellion” interventions

- Hayes arbitrated a war in South America and opposed British & French actions in central America, exercising Monroe Doctrine policies

- Hayes and his First Lady opposed alcohol (she was known as “Lemonade Lucy”) and did not serve it at White House, thus promoting temperance movement

- he pledged not to run for a 2^nd term, and instead supported his successor, Garfield

| - Republican, Civil War general

- promoted civil service reforms

- assassinated during his 1^st year as President by man who claimed he had been denied a political appointment

| - Panic of 1884 led to public discontent and election of Cleveland

|<nowiki>- only president to serve two, non-consecutive terms</nowiki>

- states right Democrat: “government that governs least governs best”

- campaigned as reformer, charging his Republican opponent, Blaine, with corruption

> Blaine lost support of Irish voters when his supporter denounced Democratic party as party of “Rum, Romanism and Rebellion” (alcohol, Catholicism and Confederacy)

> “Mugwumps” = Republican reformers who supported Cleveland over Blaine

- Cleveland signed Interstate Railroad Act, 1887, which created the “Interstate Commerce Commission” (ICC) to regulate railroad competition and “unfair practices”

> ICC becomes huge issue into 20^th  century regarding government control over railroads and other industries

| - Republican, grandson of President William Henry Harrison

- reformer, enacted meat inspection law, banned lotteries (considered gambling)

- Sherman Anti-Trust act passed > to fight monopolies

- “Billion Dollar Congress” – led to opposition to Harrison’s expansion of government, led to re-election of Cleveland who opposed gov. expansion

- “McKinley Tariff” : raised tariffs to 50% on most goods

  > McKinley was Republican House member who would become President I 1897

- Panic of 1890

|<nowiki>- campaigned on reducing the tariff rates</nowiki>

> also as alternative to Populist party, which was surging

- Wilson–Gorman Tariff, 1894, reduced rates, imposed income tax on high incomes (to make up for lost revenue from lower tariffs)

> Supreme Court invalidated the income tax as unconstitutional, 1895

>> 16^th Amendment in 1909 would allow for federal income tax

- Panic of 1893, bank failures, unemployment, severe downturn for rest of Cleveland administration

> Cleveland blamed for the panic

> federal gold reserves were depleted, fueling demand for hard money policies

|<nowiki>- raised tariffs via Dingley Tariff of 1897</nowiki>

> US takes Cuba, Philippines, Puerto Rico, Guam from Spain

- McKinley’s “Open Door Policy” = U.S. demand for access to Chinese market (dominated by the Europeans at this point)

- mixed legacy on race:

> McKinley visited Tuskegee Institute and Booker T. Washington (black educator and activist)

> but in an attempt to end “sectionalism” and appeal to southern voters by not criticizing the South, McKinley overlooked Southern actions against blacks

>> lost key black supporters as a result

|<nowiki>- McKinley hugely popular following Span-Am war, easily reelected</nowiki>

- opponent was Wm. Jennings Bryan again, who lost support due to strong economy and war popularity

- McKinley shot in 1901, succeeded by VP Theodore Roosevelt

|Notes / Events/ Themes

|<nowiki>- NY Republican, known as “TR” and “Teddy”</nowiki>

- assumed office after McKinley assassination (by an anarchist)

- became famous fighting in Cuba during Spanish-American War (1898)

-  activist President, used the rhetorical powers of the office aggressively

>> he called it the “bully pulpit” (bully=great or cool; pulpit= place to speak from)

>> had love-hate relationship w/ press

>> called investigative journalists who promoted scandals “muckrakers”

- a Progressive on economic issues

> “Trust buster”

> promoted regulations of food, workplace,

> conservationist:

>> created National Park Service and National Forest Service

>> liked to be seen riding horseback & hunting (thus “Teddy Roosevelt” for a bear cub sent to him)

- pro-tariff (but stayed away from it for political reasons)

- aggressive foreign policy

> pushed for Panama Canal

> promoted strong Navy, which he sent on trip around the world “The White Fleet,” as the boats were painted white)

> “Roosevelt Corrollary” to the Monroe Doctrine = U.S. will intervene in domestic Latin American nations if they are unstable or a threat to US security

|<nowiki>- won landslide election, 1904</nowiki>

- governed more as progressive during 2^nd term

- promoted “commissions” to address various national issues

- in 1912 ran as independent candidate for the “Progressive Party” known as the “Bull Moose” party

> promoted agenda he called “New Nationalism” which referred to centralization of powers in federal government

|<nowiki>- Ohio Republican</nowiki>

- was Sec of War for Roosevelt, oversaw construction of Panama Canal

- more conservative than Roosevelt

> promoted new tariff that was widely unpopular and led to Democratic party resurgence in 1910 elections

- continued policies of trustbusting

- reformed government bureaucracies by requiring budgeting (and balanced the federal budget)

- foreign policy:

> promoted America commercial interests in Europe and Asia

> “Dollar diplomacy”: pursued U.S. diplomatic interests in Latin America with loans to governments

- Taft and Roosevelt had falling out, Roosevelt challenged Taft for 1912 Republican nomination, which Taft won; Roosevelt ran third party candidacy (Wilson won a four-way split election)

|<nowiki>- southern Democrat, progressive</nowiki>

- overall, Wilson promoted progressive economic agenda and led U.S. into and through WWII, but he was a poor negotiator and was very unpopular by end of his term, mostly due to extreme war measures that ruined the economy

> called his 1912 election agenda “New Freedom” with the idea that he would protect individual Americans from control by businesses

- progressive agenda:

> pursued stronger regulations of the economy, including workplace rules

> introduced the first income tax

- reduced tariffs

- segregated Federal workforce

|<nowiki>- won 2</nowiki>^nd  term promising to keep US out of WWI

- events moved quickly towards US entry to War, especially following:

> sinking of the Lusitania passenger liner (boat) by Germans (1915)

> Zimmerman telegram incident (German attempt to get Mexico to attack US, 1917)

- Wilson called for state of “preparedness”

- regulated the economy as US went to war in 1917

> took over railroads, moved industry to war stance, set prices and wages

> gave power to War Industry Board to run industrial program

After the War, Wilson went to Europe to negotiate peace deal and promote his “Fourteen Points” agenda for world affairs (democratic ideals such as of self-determination, but also low tariffs, peace, freedom of seas)

- Wilson signed “Treaty of Versailles” which created the “League of Nations” that was to uphold world peace

>> US Senate refused to confirm the treaty because of Article X (ten) that compelled member states to protect one another in case of war

|<nowiki>- Ohio Republican, elected on pro-business, tax reform agenda (lowered taxes)</nowiki>

- ordered government regulatory agencies to assists businesses

- used federal troops to put down strikes

- promoted anti-lynching laws (to help southern blacks)

- promoted farm loans

- Teapot Dome Scandal: the Sec of Interior took a bribe in exchange for oil lease on public lands

- died in office during the scandals, including a personal scandal over an affair

|<nowiki>- New Hampshire Republican</nowiki>

- assumed office when Harding died

- oversaw expanding economy: “Coolidge prosperity” was 1924 campaign slogan

- lowered tax rates

|<nowiki>- Republican, made famous by helping feed and rebuild Europe after WWI (appointed by Woodrow Wilson as Director of U.S. Food Commission)</nowiki>

- Oct 1929 Stock Market Crash changed his presidency

- Signed the Smoot-Hawley Tariff which raised rates significantly and impacted international trade, furthering the economic crash