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SAT Digital Reading and Writing Test quick start guide: Difference between revisions

SAT Digital Reading and Writing Test quick start guide (view source)

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→‎Phrases quick start guide: put verbs section to the top
VisualWikitext
(→‎Phrases quick start guide: put verbs section to the top)
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* V = verb
* V = verb
* O = object (noun)
* O = object (noun)
== Verbs quick start guide ==
* '''verb'''
** indicates an action, existence or occurrence
*** ''I do, I am, I went''
*** ''I am, I feel'' = verbs!
**** (these are finite, linking verbs)
** is the basis of a predicate
*** predicate = the action and its result/s, modifier/s or object/s
* for the SAT, identify if a verb is '''''finite''''' or '''''non-finite'''''
=== Finite verb ===
* has a subject
* finite verbs form the core of a sentence or clause
* "is" and "are" are finite verbs
** = conjugation of the verb "to be", which is a linking verb
** IDENTIFY them in a sentence, then match them to their subject
* dependent clauses have finite verbs, so identify the subject-verb match in a dependent clause in order not to confuse it with the subject-verb match of the main or independent clause
** ex.  ''The thing I like most about her is her sunny attitude''
*** S-V of main clause = Thing + is
*** S-V of relative clause = I + like
=== Non-finite verb ===
* does not have a subject
* non-finite verbs act as a noun (gerund), adjective (past or present participle) or infinitive ("to" form of a verb)
* for the SAT, the most important non-finite verb is the present participle adjective
** = the '''-ing''' form of a non-finite verb acting as an adjective
*** note that non-finite verbs acting as nouns, called gerunds, are also in the '''-ing''' form of the verb
** present participles are used to add information to an independent clause
*** ''ex. Driving carefully, she made it home safely in the storm''
**** = "She drove carefully in the storm. She made it home safely."
**** we can combine those two sentences into a more compact sentence by using the non-finite verb "driving"
*** note that participle phrases are attached to an independent clause by a comma and not a coordinating conjunction (FANBOYS)
=== Linking verb ===
* a finite verb (has a subject) that "links" a noun or adjective (the complement) to the subject
* ex. ''She is a doctor''
** "she" = subject
** "is" = linking verb
* linking verbs do not have objects
** instead they have "subject complements"
** in the sentence, ''She is a doctor''
*** "doctor" = subject complement noun
*** "doctor" is not the object of the verb "is"
*** instead, the verb "is" links the complement noun "doctor" to the subject "she"
** in the sentence, ''The patient feels sick''
*** "sick" = subject complement adjective
*** "sick" is an adjective so it cannot be an object (which is a noun)
*** so, the verb "feels" links the complement adjective "sick" to the subject "patient"
* for the SAT, note that
** linking verbs have subjects
*** thus "is" and "are" are finite verbs with subjects to match to
** linking verbs do not have objects
*** instead, they have "complements
== Verb tense, conjugation and subject-verb matching quick start guide ==
* "conjugation" means "to inflect" a verb according to the "person" of its subject
** "inflection" = word ending changes
*** i.e., "go" >> "going", or "go" >> "goes"
** "person" = the "voice" or "perspective" of the subject of a sentence
*** i.e., "I" = first person singular; "we" = first person plural, etc.
=== Person ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+Verbs: "person" of the subject
!Person
!Singular
!Plural
|-
|First person
|I
|we
|-
|Second person
|you
|you (all)
|-
|Third person
|he / she / it
|they
|-
|
|singular noun
(ex. ''the lion roars'')
|plural noun
(ex. ''the lions roar'')
|}
=== Conjugation ===
* matches subject and verb
** or, the verb-ending matches the person of the subject
{| class="wikitable"
|+Conjugation: "to be"
!
!singular
!plural
!
|-
|First person
|I am
|We are
|
|-
|Second person
|You are
|You (all) are
|
|-
|Third person
|He / She / It is
|They are
|
|}
the SAT test will only ask students to select between third person singular ("'''it'''") and third person plural ("'''they'''")
{| class="wikitable"
|+Conjugation: "to go"
!
!singular
!plural
|-
|First person
|I go
|We go
|-
|Second person
|You go
|You (all) go
|-
|Third person
|He / She / It goes
|They go
|}
=== Tense ===
* tense = verb forms that indicate time (when)
** past, present, future
** and sub-categories of them
* for the SAT, know that the present perfect '''HAS''' and '''HAVE''' verb forms are PRESENT TENSE
{| class="wikitable"
|+Present Tense: third person singular and plural
!
!Simple present
!Present Continuous
!Present Perfect
|-
|Singular
|It works
|It is working
|It '''has''' worked
|-
|
|It interacts
|It is interacting
|It '''has''' interacted
|-
|
|It does
|It is doing
|It '''has''' done*
|-
|Plural
|They work
|They are working
|They '''have''' worked
|-
|
|They interact
|They are interacting
|They '''have''' interacted
|-
|
|They do
|They are doing
|They '''have''' done.
|}
* HAD is PAST TENSE
{| class="wikitable"
|+Past Tense: third person singular and plural
!
!Simple present
!Present Continuous
!Present Perfect
|-
|Singular
|It worked
|It was working
|It '''had''' worked
|-
|
|It interacted
|It was interacting
|It '''had''' interacted
|-
|
|It did*
|It was doing
|It '''had''' done*
|-
|Plural
|They worked
|They were working
|They '''had''' worked
|-
|
|They interacted
|They were interacting
|They '''had''' interacted
|-
|
|They did*
|They were doing
|They had done.*
|}
<nowiki>*</nowiki> irregular


== Sentences quick start guide ==
== Sentences quick start guide ==
Line 324: Line 549:
** note that the object of a preposition <u>is never the subject of a clause</u>
** note that the object of a preposition <u>is never the subject of a clause</u>


== Verbs quick start guide ==
=== Participle phrases ===
 
* '''verb'''
** indicates an action, existence or occurrence
*** ''I do, I am, I went''
*** ''I am, I feel'' = verbs!
**** (these are finite, linking verbs)
** is the basis of a predicate
*** predicate = the action and its result/s, modifier/s or object/s
* for the SAT, identify if a verb is '''''finite''''' or '''''non-finite'''''
 
=== Finite verb ===
 
* has a subject
* finite verbs form the core of a sentence or clause
* "is" and "are" are finite verbs
** = conjugation of the verb "to be", which is a linking verb
** IDENTIFY them in a sentence, then match them to their subject
* dependent clauses have finite verbs, so identify the subject-verb match in a dependent clause in order not to confuse it with the subject-verb match of the main or independent clause
** ex.  ''The thing I like most about her is her sunny attitude''
*** S-V of main clause = Thing + is
*** S-V of relative clause = I + like
 
=== Non-finite verb ===
 
* does not have a subject
* non-finite verbs act as a noun (gerund), adjective (past or present participle) or infinitive ("to" form of a verb)
* for the SAT, the most important non-finite verb is the present participle adjective
** = the '''-ing''' form of a non-finite verb acting as an adjective
*** note that non-finite verbs acting as nouns, called gerunds, are also in the '''-ing''' form of the verb
** present participles are used to add information to an independent clause
*** ''ex. Driving carefully, she made it home safely in the storm''
**** = "She drove carefully in the storm. She made it home safely."
**** we can combine those two sentences into a more compact sentence by using the non-finite verb "driving"
*** note that participle phrases are attached to an independent clause by a comma and not a coordinating conjunction (FANBOYS)
 
=== Linking verb ===
 
* a finite verb (has a subject) that "links" a noun or adjective (the complement) to the subject
* ex. ''She is a doctor''
** "she" = subject
** "is" = linking verb
* linking verbs do not have objects
** instead they have "subject complements"
** in the sentence, ''She is a doctor''
*** "doctor" = subject complement noun
*** "doctor" is not the object of the verb "is"
*** instead, the verb "is" links the complement noun "doctor" to the subject "she"
** in the sentence, ''The patient feels sick''
*** "sick" = subject complement adjective
*** "sick" is an adjective so it cannot be an object (which is a noun)
*** so, the verb "feels" links the complement adjective "sick" to the subject "patient"
* for the SAT, note that
** linking verbs have subjects
*** thus "is" and "are" are finite verbs with subjects to match to
** linking verbs do not have objects
*** instead, they have "complements
 
== Verb tense, conjugation and subject-verb matching quick start guide ==
 
* "conjugation" means "to inflect" a verb according to the "person" of its subject
** "inflection" = word ending changes
*** i.e., "go" >> "going", or "go" >> "goes"
** "person" = the "voice" or "perspective" of the subject of a sentence
*** i.e., "I" = first person singular; "we" = first person plural, etc.
 
=== Person ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+Verbs: "person" of the subject
!Person
!Singular
!Plural
|-
|First person
|I
|we
|-
|Second person
|you
|you (all)
|-
|Third person
|he / she / it
|they
|-
|
|singular noun
(ex. ''the lion roars'')
|plural noun
(ex. ''the lions roar'')
|}
 
=== Conjugation ===
 
* matches subject and verb
** or, the verb-ending matches the person of the subject
 
{| class="wikitable"
|+Conjugation: "to be"
!
!singular
!plural
!
|-
|First person
|I am
|We are
|
|-
|Second person
|You are
|You (all) are
|
|-
|Third person
|He / She / It is
|They are
|
|}
the SAT test will only ask students to select between third person singular ("'''it'''") and third person plural ("'''they'''")
{| class="wikitable"
|+Conjugation: "to go"
!
!singular
!plural
|-
|First person
|I go
|We go
|-
|Second person
|You go
|You (all) go
|-
|Third person
|He / She / It goes
|They go
|}
 
=== Tense ===
 
* tense = verb forms that indicate time (when)
** past, present, future
** and sub-categories of them
* for the SAT, know that the present perfect '''HAS''' and '''HAVE''' verb forms are PRESENT TENSE
 
{| class="wikitable"
|+Present Tense: third person singular and plural
!
!Simple present
!Present Continuous
!Present Perfect
|-
|Singular
|It works
|It is working
|It '''has''' worked
|-
|
|It interacts
|It is interacting
|It '''has''' interacted
|-
|
|It does
|It is doing
|It '''has''' done*
|-
|Plural
|They work
|They are working
|They '''have''' worked
|-
|
|They interact
|They are interacting
|They '''have''' interacted
|-
|
|They do
|They are doing
|They '''have''' done.
|}
 
* HAD is PAST TENSE


{| class="wikitable"
* participles are the verb forms of using ''-ing'' and ''-ed''
|+Past Tense: third person singular and plural
** these may be finite or non-finite (see "Verbs" guide)
!
* non-finite participles do not have a subject and may act as nouns ("gerunds") or adjectives (present or past participle adjective)
!Simple present
** ex.,
!Present Continuous
!Present Perfect
|-
|Singular
|It worked
|It was working
|It '''had''' worked
|-
|
|It interacted
|It was interacting
|It '''had''' interacted
|-
|
|It did*
|It was doing
|It '''had''' done*
|-
|Plural
|They worked
|They were working
|They '''had''' worked
|-
|
|They interacted
|They were interacting
|They '''had''' interacted
|-
|
|They did*
|They were doing
|They had done.*
|}
<nowiki>*</nowiki> irregular


== Punctuation quick start guide ==
== Punctuation quick start guide ==
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