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Social Studies skills: Difference between revisions
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* the Dunning-Kruger effect is observable but not provable | * the Dunning-Kruger effect is observable but not provable | ||
** i.e., it can happen but just because someone does not have competence does not mean that person will draw hasty, broad and wrong conclusions | ** i.e., it can happen but just because someone does not have competence does not mean that person will draw hasty, broad and wrong conclusions | ||
=== Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM) === | |||
[[File:Elaboration Likelihood Model Information Graphic of Bias and Objective Thinking.jpg|thumb|Elaboration Likelihood Model Information Graphic of Bias and Objective Thinking. Peripheral Route is to the left ("biased") and Central Route to the right ("ojbective")]] | |||
* identifies the association between persuasion and bias | |||
* "elaboration" means the extent to which a person engages in objective mental processing before making a decision or adopting a point of view | |||
* ELM shows that much persuasion is driven by perceptions of status | |||
** i.e. high or low status perceptions drive people's attitudes towards persuasion | |||
* ELM identifies two paths to persuasion or "attitude change": | |||
*# high-elaboration likelihood, called "Central Route" = motivated to engage the argument with critical thought open to evidence | |||
*# low-elaboration likelihood, called "Peripheral Route" = external cues or influences are present that shape reception to the argument without critical thought | |||
* the "Central Route" requires intellectual honesty and engagement | |||
* the "Peripheral Route" engages biases and emotional states and yields little critical thought | |||
** related to confirmation bias and [[logical fallacy]] | |||
* the "Route" taken at any given time is related to a person's self-perceived social status or that of the source of the argument or information (or persuation) | |||
** that is, people process arguments or new information according to their perception of the source of that argument or information | |||
** also called "prestige bias" | |||
* "Motivation" strongly impacts the "Route" taken by the recipient of the information/ persuasion (i.e., decision-maker) | |||
** motivation = conditions, desires, perspectives, or states of mind that influence a decision | |||
** thus motivation may engage biases and thus the "Peripheral Route" | |||
* see | |||
** [[wikipedia:Elaboration_likelihood_model|Elaboration likelihood model - Wikipedia]] | |||
** [https://www.robkhenderson.com/p/how-dumb-ideas-capture-smart-and Why Dumb Ideas Capture Smart and Successful People] | |||
*** also published here: [https://clips.cato.org/sites/default/files/cato_quillette_Prestige.pdf Persuasion and the Prestige Paradox: Are High Status People More Likely to Lie?] | |||
** [https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/after-service/202105/do-the-most-educated-people-look-down-everyone-else Do the Most Educated People Look Down on Everyone Else? | Psychology Today] | |||
=== Entropy === | === Entropy === | ||
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** the "frame" guides the audience to that "point of view" | ** the "frame" guides the audience to that "point of view" | ||
* also called '''"spinning"''', which is to "spin" or redirect a negative into a positive | * also called '''"spinning"''', which is to "spin" or redirect a negative into a positive | ||
=== Prestige bias / Prestige paradox === | |||
* also called "myside bias" (a form of confirmation bias) | |||
* the idea that perceptions of status drive people's attitudes and decision making | |||
* it is a "paradox" is because people with self-perceived "high status" are less likely to think objectively (without bias) | |||
** because "high status" people are "preoccupied with how others perceive them" | |||
* see [https://www.robkhenderson.com/p/how-dumb-ideas-capture-smart-and Why Dumb Ideas Capture Smart and Successful People] | |||
** also published here: [https://clips.cato.org/sites/default/files/cato_quillette_Prestige.pdf Persuasion and the Prestige Paradox: Are High Status People More Likely to Lie?] | |||
=== Rorschach test === | === Rorschach test === | ||