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Non-finite verbs & the "verbiness" of participles gerunds infinitives: Difference between revisions
Non-finite verbs & the "verbiness" of participles gerunds infinitives (view source)
Revision as of 14:13, 13 June 2023
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''' | !· ''I '''spent''' money on a new phone.'' | ||
· ''My old one is more than '''spent'''.'' | |||
· '''''Spending''''' ''money on a new phone is annoying.'' | |||
'''''spend''''' ''> '''spent''''' = | |||
irregular past participle | |||
|} | |||
'''Non-Finite Verbs & “Verbiness”''' | |||
'''Finite verb''' = action verb | '''Finite verb''' = action verb | ||
· | · has a subject | ||
'''Non-finite verb''' = verbs acting as adjective, adverb or noun | '''Non-finite verb''' = verbs acting as adjective, adverb or noun | ||
· | · does not have a subject | ||
· | · also called “verbals” | ||
'''Participle''' = present continuous (-ing) or simple past (-ed) tense of a verb | '''Participle''' = present continuous (-ing) or simple past (-ed) tense of a verb | ||
· ''can be a finite or non-finite verb'' | · ''can be a finite or non-finite verb'' | ||
'''Non-finite verb''' forms: | '''Non-finite verb''' forms: | ||
· '''present participle''' = -''ing'' | · '''present participle''' = -''ing'' | ||
· = an adjective (“present participle adjective”) | · = an adjective (“present participle adjective”) | ||
· | · or a noun (“gerund”) | ||
· = | · '''past participle''' = ''-ed'' | ||
· | · = an adjective (“past participle adjective”) | ||
· | · '''infinitive''' = “to” form of a verb | ||
=== Participles | · “infinitive” is from Latin for “indefinite” or “unrestricted” because the verb form is not tied to a specific case (person or number) | ||
· can be an adjective, adverb or noun | |||
== Purpose of non-finite verbs == | |||
The non-finite verbs do not indicate a direct action, but they convey a “sense” of action. So, when we say, | |||
''Learning grammar is boring, but to know a little is quite useful'' | |||
whereas both “learning” and “to know” are the subjects (nouns) of the two verbs “is”, they convey the action of learning and knowing. | |||
Additionally, while non-finite verbs do not have a subject, they maintain the grammatical properties of finite verbs of objects and complements. Thus, in | |||
''Learning grammar is boring'' | |||
“grammar” is the object of “learning” and thus indicates what is learned (an action) | |||
== Participles == | |||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
| | | | ||
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''Dad '''cooked''' dinner'' | ''Dad '''cooked''' dinner'' | ||
|''Dinner '''cooking''' makes me happy'' | |''Dinner '''cooking''' on the stove makes me happy'' | ||
|'''''Cooking''''' ''is fun'' | |'''''Cooking''''' ''is fun'' | ||
|'''''Cooked''''' ''food is better for you than raw food'' | |'''''Cooked''''' ''food is better for you than raw food'' | ||
| Line 87: | Line 110: | ||
''The boy '''smiled''''' | ''The boy '''smiled''''' | ||
|''The '''smiling''' boy is happy'' | |''The '''smiling''' boy is happy'' | ||
|'''''Smiling''''' ''makes | |'''''Smiling''''' ''makes other people happy'' | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
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|} | |} | ||
== Infinitives == | |||
The infinitive expresses a state or result of action – not the action itself: | The infinitive expresses a state or result of action – not the action itself: | ||
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|'''infinitive noun''' | |'''infinitive noun''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|''soup '''to | |''soup '''to serve''' completes dinner'' | ||
|''it is | |''it is prudent '''to boil''' the water'' | ||
|'''''to boil''''' ''water makes it hot'' | |'''''to boil''''' ''water makes it hot'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|'' | |''the best way '''to cook''' is baking'' | ||
|''I am hoping '''to cool''' tomorrow'' | |''I am hoping '''to cool''' off tomorrow'' | ||
|''I learned how '''to cook''' fish'' | |''I learned how '''to cook''' fish'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|''I have homework '''to finish''' *'' | |''I have homework '''to finish''' *'' | ||
|'' | |''she works '''to advance''' her career'' | ||
|''We want '''to go''' home'' | |''We want '''to go''' home'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan="3" |''* note how the adjective and adverb forms of “to finish” are essentially interchangeable'' | | colspan="3" |''* note how the adjective and adverb forms of “to finish” are essentially interchangeable'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|Testing for '''participle adjective''' | |Testing for '''participle adjective''' | ||
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= a valid sentence | = a valid sentence | ||
<-- therefore “boiled” is an adjective | '''<-- therefore “boiled” is an adjective''' | ||
|'''''Boiling water takes 5 minutes.''''' | |'''''Boiling water takes 5 minutes.''''' | ||
| Line 149: | Line 175: | ||
= incoherent sentence | = incoherent sentence | ||
<-- therefore “boiling” is a noun | '''<-- therefore “boiling” is a noun''' | ||
|'''''To boil water makes it hot.''''' | |'''''To boil water makes it hot.''''' | ||
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= incoherent sentence | = incoherent sentence | ||
<-- therefore “to boil” is a noun | '''<-- therefore “to boil” is a noun''' | ||
or: | or: | ||
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= valid sentence | = valid sentence | ||
<-- therefore “to finish” is an adjective | '''<-- therefore “to finish” is an adjective''' | ||
|} | |} | ||
To test whether the participle or infinitive is an adjective/adverb or noun, remove it from the sentence, and see… | To test whether the participle or infinitive is an adjective/adverb or noun, remove it from the sentence, and see… | ||
== '''“Verbiness”''' == | |||
Participle adjectives, gerunds and infinitives retain their “verbiness”, or their indication of an action | Participle adjectives, gerunds and infinitives retain their “verbiness”, or their indication of an action: | ||
Just like '''finite verb'''s, '''non-finite verbs''' can have adverbs, objects, | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|''I enjoy “watching” tennis'' | |||
|“watching” = the action or state of watching | |||
|- | |||
|''Studying hard pays off'' | |||
|“studying” = the state or action of studying | |||
|- | |||
|''The time to go is now'' | |||
|“to go” = the state or action of going | |||
|} | |||
Just like '''finite verb'''s, '''non-finite verbs''' can have “''complements''” | |||
= adverbs, objects, or prepositional phrases | |||
but they do not have a subject (if so, they’d become a finite-verb) | |||
Let’s review those grammatical forms: | Let’s review those grammatical forms: | ||
Adverb = usually describes a verb as to ''how, how much where, when,'' etc. | |||
''She runs fast'' | |||
“fast” describes how she runs | “fast” describes how she runs | ||
Object = recipient of the action of a verb | |||
<u>direct object</u> = what was acted on by the verb | |||
''I gave a book'' | ''I gave a book'' | ||
= “book” is what I “gave” | |||
<u>indirect object</u> = the recipient what was acted on by the verb | |||
''I gave her a book '' | ''I gave her a book '' | ||
= I gave a book “to her” | |||
Prepositional phrase = a modifying phrase to describe another noun or verb | |||
''The keys are on the table by the door.'' | |||
“on the table” and “by the door” are prepositional phrases | |||
Non-finite verbs can be modified by all of these sentence parts. | Non-finite verbs can be modified by all of these sentence parts. | ||
Let’s see how: | Let’s see how: | ||
== ''Verbiness'' of Participle Adjectives: == | |||
- participle adjective indicating an action: | - participle adjective indicating an action: | ||
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'''''Running''', I was still late.'' | '''''Running''', I was still late.'' | ||
- participle adjective with an adverb: | - participle adjective with an adverb: | ||
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''I prefer my food cooked '''thoroughly''''' | ''I prefer my food cooked '''thoroughly''''' | ||
· | · “thoroughly” modifies the “cooked” not the verb “prefer” | ||
- participle adjective with an object: | - participle adjective with an object: | ||
''Running '''home''', I was still late'' | |||
· | · “home” is the object of “running”, which describes “I was still late” | ||
- participle adjective with prepositional phrase*: | - participle adjective with prepositional phrase*: | ||
''Running '''to my house''', I was still late'' | |||
· | · “to my house” = prepositional phrase | ||
== ''Verbiness'' of Gerunds: == | |||
- gerund indicating an action: | - gerund indicating an action: | ||
'''''Cooking''''' ''takes practice'' | |||
· | · “cooking” = subject (noun) but still indicates the action of “cook” | ||
- gerund with an object: | - gerund with an object: | ||
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''Cooking '''food''' takes practice'' | ''Cooking '''food''' takes practice'' | ||
· | · food = the object of "cooking" | ||
· | · practice = the object of "takes" | ||
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''Cooking food '''well''' takes practice'' | ''Cooking food '''well''' takes practice'' | ||
== Verbiness of Infinitives: == | |||
- infinitive as object: | - infinitive as object: | ||
''I learned to build'' | |||
· | · “to build” = direct object infinitive noun of “learned” | ||
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''I learned how to build'' | ''I learned how to build'' | ||
· | · “how” modifies the infinitive “to build” and not the verb “learned” | ||
- infinitive w/ object: | - infinitive w/ object: | ||
''I learned how to build a computer'' | |||
· "computer" = the object of infinitive noun "to build" | · "computer" = the object of infinitive noun "to build" | ||
[[Category:Grammar]] | [[Category:Grammar]] | ||
[[Category:Parts of speech]] | [[Category:Parts of speech]] | ||