Grammar for high school admissions tests: Difference between revisions

Grammar for high school admissions tests (view source)

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@@ Line 275: / Line 275: @@
 * the high school admissions test will not measure for this use of the apostrophe
-=== Comma ===
+=== comma ===
 <u>does 6 things</u>:
@@ Line 305: / Line 305: @@
 **** ''Cows, sheep, and are all farm animals.''
-. sets up quotation
+'''4. sets up quotation'''
 * comma separates a direct quotation from it's introduction
@@ Line 318: / Line 318: @@
 ** the
-. set aside parenthetical information (appositives, relative clauses, etc.)
+'''5. set aside parenthetical information (appositives, relative clauses, etc.)'''
 ex. "Steve, my neighbor, is not very nice."
@@ Line 324: / Line 324: @@
   "Steve, who is my neighbor, is not very nice"
-. separate dates and place names
+'''6. separate dates and place names'''
+* month, day, year : ''We took the test on April 11, 2023.''
+* month day, year, in the middle of a sentence
+** O''n April 11, 2023, we took the test''
+* no comma for Month Year: ''We took the test in April 2023.''
+*
+== Comma and no comma with phrases and clauses ==
+* restrictive elements are not separated by commas
+* commas separate non-restrictive elements
+** non-restrictive = not essential to the meaning of the sentence
+=== subordinate clause ===
+= a form of a dependent clause
+* subordinate clauses (a form of a dependent clause) are generally <u>non-restrictive</u>:
+** ''I took the test yesterday, although I was tired.''
+** ''Although I was tired,I took the test.''
+=== when, because ===
+= are subordinating conjunctions (among many others)
+* can be either restrictive or non-restrictive
+** ''The car ran out of gas '''because I forgot to fill it'''''
+** ''I ran out of gas''', because I'm always forgetting.'''''
+** '''''When you leave,''' don't forget to turn out the lights.''
+** ''Don't forget to turn out the lights '''when you leave.'''''
+=== relative clause ===
+= a form of a dependent clause
+= clause that follows a relative pronoun, ''that, where, which, who, whose''
+* relative clauses can be either <u>restrictive</u> or <u>non-restrictive</u>
+** '''''that'' <u>is always restrictiv</u>e''' (no comma)
+*** ''The cat '''that got stuck on the roof''' was hers''
+*** ''Five things '''that you need''' to learn are...''
+** '''''which''''' can be either restrictive or non-restrictive
+** if "which" can be replaced by "that" it is restrictive (no comma)
+*** The cat which got stuck on the roof was hers
+** but "which" can also be non-restrictive
+*** if it cannot be replaced by "that" it is non-restrictive
+*** ex. ''The cat''', which is hers,''' got stuck on the roof.''  << correct
+*** ex. ''The cat''', that is hers,''' got stuck on the roof.''  << incorrect, so use "which" and commas
+** when '''''which''''' follows an independent clause it is usually non-restrictive
+*** ''Roads across deserts are straight for miles''', which makes you sleepy'''''
+*** Five beavers live under the dam''''', which they made from my favorite tree.'''''
+** '''''who, whose''''' can be either restrictive or non-restrictive
+*** ''The guy '''who always wins''' just won again.''
+*** ''That kid, '''who should know better''', did it again''
+* note that the relative pronoun can be either a "dependent word" that serves as a conjunction
+** ''He turned out the lights, '''which he usually forgets to to.'''''
+*** which = relative pronoun and dependent word that combines the two clauses
+* or as the subject of the relative clause
+** ''Don't forget to turn off the lights, '''which saves energy'''''
+*** which = relative pronoun and subject of the relative clause "which saves energy")
 == Nouns ==