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Grammar for high school admissions tests: Difference between revisions
Grammar for high school admissions tests (view source)
Revision as of 20:39, 6 May 2023
, 6 May 2023→Sentence construction
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** contains a finite verb | ** contains a finite verb | ||
** makes a complete thought | ** makes a complete thought | ||
*** '' | *** ''The dog is playing.'' | ||
**** as opposed to ''Since he is playing,'' which is not a complete thought. | |||
* note: commands or "imperative" verbs are finite verbs, even if the subject is unstated (it is assumed) | * note: commands or "imperative" verbs are finite verbs, even if the subject is unstated (it is assumed) | ||
** ex.: | ** ex.:''Go home!'' = ''[you] Go home!'' | ||
** this concept will note be on a high school admissions test, but it may be on a college admissions test | |||
* this concept will note be on a high school admissions test, but it may be on a college admissions test | |||
=== finite verb === | === finite verb === | ||
* verb that has a subject | * verb that has a subject | ||
* finite verbs form the predicate | * finite verbs form the <u>predicate</u> | ||
** '''predicate''' = the verb and its direct modifiers and objects | ** '''predicate''' = the verb and its direct modifiers and objects | ||
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* verb that does not have a subject | * verb that does not have a subject | ||
* non-finite verbs include | * non-finite verbs include | ||
** present participle adjective: ''That '''boring''' class is tedious'' | ** '''present participle adjective''': ''That '''boring''' class is tedious'' | ||
** gerund (present participle as a noun): ''Cooking is a good skill to have'' | ** '''gerund''' (present participle as a noun): ''Cooking is a good skill to have'' | ||
** past participle adjective: ''The comedian left the audience'' | ** '''past participle adjective''': ''The comedian left the audience'' | ||
** | **infinitive: can be an adjective, adverb, or noun | ||
***the concept of infinitives will not be measured on the high school entrance exam | |||
* non-finite verbs act as adjectives, adverbs, or nouns | * non-finite verbs act as adjectives, adverbs, or nouns | ||
** they DO NOT directly indicate an action by someone or something | ** they DO NOT directly indicate an action by someone or something | ||
** however, they <u>indicate</u> a sense of an action | ** however, they <u>indicate</u> a sense of an action | ||
=== clause === | === clause === | ||
* part of a sentence that contains a '''finite verb''' | |||
* if the clause could be a sentence by itself, it is an '''independent clause''' | |||
* if the clause cannot be a sentence by itself, it is a '''dependent clause''' | |||
==== independent clause (IC) ==== | |||
* a part of a sentence that contains a finite verb and can be a sentence by itself | |||
* ex. '''''The dog is playing happily''', since I gave him a bone'' | |||
==== dependent clause (DC) ==== | |||
* a part of a sentence that contains a finite verb but cannot be a sentence by itsel | |||
* ex. ''The dog is playing happily, '''since I gave him a bone''''' | |||
=== phrase === | === phrase === | ||
* two or more words that <u>do not contain a finite verb</u> | |||
* important phrases for the high school entrance exam include | |||
** '''attributive noun phrase''' | |||
*** two nouns next to one another, with one noun giving an "attribute" to the other | |||
**** ''dog food, wine glass'' | |||
** '''appositive phrase''' | |||
*** a parenthetical phrase to add information to another word or part of a sentence | |||
**** ex. ''Steve, '''my nextdoor neighbor,''' is friendly'' | |||
*** note that appositive phrases can come at the beginning or end of a sentence | |||
**** ''A '''world expert physician''', Dr. Goesa performed a postocalaptia, '''a groundbreaking operation.''''' | |||
**** ''Dr. Goesa,'''a world expert physician''', performed a postocalaptia, '''a groundbreaking operation.''''' | |||
** '''prepositional phrase''' | |||
*** adds information to a noun or verb | |||
**** ''He hit the ball '''out of the park''''' | |||
**** ''Thinking '''about math''' gives me a headache'' | |||
== sentence parts == | == sentence parts == | ||
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=== complement === | === complement === | ||
* adds additional information to a subject | * adds additional information to a noun | ||
** can be either to a subject or object | |||
* "complement" means to "go along with," "coordinate with" | |||
* complements can be adjectives, adverbs or nouns, as well as phrases | * complements can be adjectives, adverbs or nouns, as well as phrases | ||
* ex: | * ex: | ||
** | ** ''The dog is '''nice''''' | ||
* " | ***"nice" is not the object of the linking verb "is" | ||
**''My friend considers her brother '''crazy''''' | |||
=== object === | === object === | ||
* the recipient of an action | * the recipient of an action | ||
* note that complements are similar, but add information and are not the result of the verb's action | * note that complements are similar, but add information and are not the result of the verb's action | ||
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* the direct recipient of the action | * the direct recipient of the action | ||
* | ** ''She kicked the '''ball''' over the fence'' | ||
==== indirect object ==== | ==== indirect object ==== | ||