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Prefix definitions: Difference between revisions
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* assimilation | * assimilation | ||
* cognate | * cognate | ||
** = related sounds that yield shifts in pronunciation, generally between languages that have a common origin | |||
** ex. the English "night" is "cognate" with the German "nacht" | |||
*** in English the "i" is cognate with the German "a" | |||
*** and the ENglish "ght" is cognate with the German "act" | |||
** within a language, cognates are seen in words such as "night": | |||
*** Old English: ''niht'' was changed to "night" in Middle English in order to represent the "ggh" sound of ''niht'' in Old English | |||
**** eventually, the "ggh" sound was dropped and the "i" became "eye"-sound (from "ehh" sound) | |||
**** but the spelling was kept the same, "night" | |||
* etymology | * etymology | ||
** = word origin, or study of word origins | |||
* morpheme | * morpheme | ||
** = the smallest constituent of a word | ** = the smallest constituent of a word | ||
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** = the origin or pre-origin language of Indo-European languages, which share the PIE language as their origin | ** = the origin or pre-origin language of Indo-European languages, which share the PIE language as their origin | ||
** Indo-European languages include, ''Celtic, English, French, German, Greek, Hindi, Latin, Persian, Spanish'', and others across Europe and parts of central and western Asia and South Asia | ** Indo-European languages include, ''Celtic, English, French, German, Greek, Hindi, Latin, Persian, Spanish'', and others across Europe and parts of central and western Asia and South Asia | ||
* root | |||
* suffix | * suffix | ||
** a word ending "inflection" (change in sound) that identifies or changes a root's [[Parts of speech|part of speech]] | ** = a word ending "inflection" (change in sound) that identifies or changes a root's [[Parts of speech|part of speech]] | ||
== When is a prefix not a prefix? == | == When is a prefix not a prefix? == | ||
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** some scholars argue that these words are not "prefix + root" and stand as single "morphemes" (word units) <br /> | ** some scholars argue that these words are not "prefix + root" and stand as single "morphemes" (word units) <br /> | ||
== Letter sound shifts == | |||
* because of the way letter sounds are formed by the mouth (physically) | |||
** some letters more naturally precede others | |||
* examples: | |||
** "'''m'''" starts with closed lips, then open lips ("mmmah" sound) | |||
** "'''n'''" starts and ends with open lips, along with release of the tongue from against the front teeth ("nnnah" sound) | |||
** "'''p'''" starts with closed lips, then open lips > open lips ("pppuh" sound) | |||
** thus | |||
*** '''n + p''' requires open for n, then close and open for '''m''' | |||
*** whereas '''m + p''' only requires closed lips for '''m''', which transitions easily to the open lips '''p''' sound | |||
* consequently, some prefixes with the same meaning use different letters, depending on the first letter of the root word | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|+Pronoun ending letter | |||
|- | |||
|'''m & n''' | |||
| -b, -m, -p | |||
| -c, -d, -f, -g, -h, -j, -l, n, -r, -q, -t, -v | |||
|- | |||
|'''m & n''' | |||
|'''''em-, im-'''''ember, eminent, empathy, immaterial, important | |||
|'''''en-, in-'''''include, induce, infuse, ingress, inhuman, injury, enliven, enrage, inquisitive, into, invisible | |||
|- | |||
| '''m & n''' | |||
|'''''um-'''''umbrella, umpire | |||
|'''''un-'''''unclear, under, unfettered, unhinged, unjust, unlimited, unrest, unready, invertibrate | |||
|- | |||
|'''ad & a''' | |||
|'''''ad-'''''addition | |||
|'''''a-''''' | |||
|} | |||
asdf | |||
== A-B-C == | == A-B-C == | ||
=== ab- === | === ab- === | ||
* 1. ''away, from, from off, down | * 1. ''away, from, from off, down'' | ||
** PIE '''*apo-''' off, away | ** PIE '''*apo-''' off, away | ||
*** ''abstract'' | |||
*** ''absolve'' | |||
*** ''absolute'' | |||
**** note that "absolute" = ab (to, towards) + ''solvere'' (to loosen) | |||
***** = not attached, released, without restrictions | |||
* 2. ''by'' (as in agency, for ''origin'', ''consequence of'') | * 2. ''by'' (as in agency, for ''origin'', ''consequence of'') | ||
* | * 3. can also mean "not" (as in a negation) | ||
* examples | * 4. can also mean "ad-" for to, toward, near | ||
** aberration, abstract, abnormal, abysmal | |||
* examples: | |||
** ''aberration, abstract, abnormal, abysmal'' | |||
** Note that ''ab-'' in "abbreviation" is from ad- (to, toward), thus | ** Note that ''ab-'' in "abbreviation" is from ad- (to, toward), thus | ||
*** ''ab-'' for "to" (from '''ad-''''') +'' breviare (Latin) for short, low, little, shallow = "to shorten" | *** ''ab-'' for "to" (from '''ad-''''') +'' ''breviare'' (Latin) for short, low, little, shallow = "to shorten" | ||
*** PIE '''''*mregh-u''''' for short | **** PIE '''''*mregh-u''''' for short | ||
=== ad- === | === ad- === | ||
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* ''to, toward (space or time), in relation to, regarding'' | * ''to, toward (space or time), in relation to, regarding'' | ||
** from PIE '''''*ad-''''' for to, near, at | ** from PIE '''''*ad-''''' for to, near, at | ||
** becomes '''''a-''''' before ''-sc-, -sp- and -st-'' | ** addict, adhere, ad | ||
* becomes '''''a-''''' before ''-sc-, -sp- and -st-'' | |||
** aspect, astronomy | |||
* becomes ab- | |||
** also af-, -ag, -al, | ** also af-, -ag, -al, | ||
*** affection, aggression | *** affection, aggression | ||
=== add- === | |||
* same as '''''ad-''''' | |||
** ''addition, addendum'' | |||
=== ana- === | === ana- === | ||
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** analogy | ** analogy | ||
*** log -y "through or separate words or logic" (that mean the same thing) | *** log -y "through or separate words or logic" (that mean the same thing) | ||
=== com- & con- === | |||
* mean the same thing | |||
=== com- === | === com- === | ||
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** compliment = cognate with Latin ''complere'' shifting to ''complire'' for "to complete" | ** compliment = cognate with Latin ''complere'' shifting to ''complire'' for "to complete" | ||
*** indicates "completion" and thus "expression of respect" for something completed or done | *** indicates "completion" and thus "expression of respect" for something completed or done | ||
con- | |||
== D-E-F == | == D-E-F == | ||
=== em | === em- & en- === | ||
* = mean the same | * = mean the same | ||
** into | ** into | ||
** not | ** to place | ||
** to cause | |||
** not, to restrict | |||
* '''en-''' precedes all letters <u>except</u> those that follow '''-em''' | |||
* '''em-''' precedes '''-b, -m, -p''' | |||
** see chart above | |||
===em-=== | ===em-=== | ||
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|in, into | |in, into | ||
|} | |} | ||
=== digi- === | === digi- === | ||