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Social Studies skills (view source)

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**** then, using that land-based power, the Mongols conquered China, established the Yuan Dynasty, and used Chinese structures and culture to build a maritime power.
**** then, using that land-based power, the Mongols conquered China, established the Yuan Dynasty, and used Chinese structures and culture to build a maritime power.
* see [[Leadership]] entry
* see [[Leadership]] entry
==Standards/ Standardization==
=== standard meaning ===
* '''standard''' (noun) =
** a baseline rule or line of common agreement
*** i.e., what a society agrees upon as commonly expected
** etymology (word origin):
*** from Old French ''estandard''for  fpr "to stand hard", as in fixed
*** derived from Latin ''extendere" for "to extend" and applied to an "upright pole"
*** applied to a flag, a "standard" represents an army or people
* '''standardize''' (verb)
** means to make in common or in common agreement
** '''standardization''' (noun) = in the state of being standardized; action of creating common agreement
=== purpose of standardization ===
* standards are a key element of creating rule, sovereignty and/or unity
** especially across large distances
** when a people agree upon something, it is "standard"
* forms of standardization include:0
** language, laws, money, religion, social customs, weights and measures, writing
* effects of standardization include:
** economic activity (trade), social and political organization, unity
** rule, power, especially in the sense of enforcing standards
* the below will review these different forms and purposes of standards and standardization
=== law ===
=== money ===
* “Money can be anything that the parties agree is tradable” (Wikipedia)
notes to do:
* money & trade
** trade =
*** geography
*** movement
*** scarcity/surplus
*** technology
*** technological and cultural diffusion
==== history of money ====
* “I understand the history of money. When I get some, it's soon history.”
* money must be:
** '''scarce'''
*** too much money reduces its value
*** inflation results from oversupply of money
*** or corruption or devaluation of money
*** see Latin expression: ''void ab initio''
**** = fraud from the beginning taints everything the follows
** '''transportable'''
*** ex. Micronesians used a currency of large limestone coins...9-12ft diameter, several tons... put them outside the houses.. great prestige... but they weren’t transportable, so tokens were created to represent them, or parts of them... Tokens = promises
** '''authentic'''
*** not easily counterfeited (fraudulently copied)
** '''trusted'''
*** government sanction
** '''permanent'''
*** problem with barter of plants and animals is perishability
**** i.e., fruit and goats can be traded, but fruit goes bad and goats die
* early non-coinage forms of money:
** sea shells
*** which are scarce (rare), authentic, visually attractive (pretty)
** cattle
** crops/ herbs/ spices
*** especially specialty crops, such as spices
**** such as pepper, which is dried and therefore transportable and non-perishable
** gems, gold, rare minerals
*** measured by weight
* modern period money forms:
* during Age of Discovery (15th-17th centuries) rum became currency
* 18th century Virginia, tobacco became money
* in prisons or prisoner of war camps, cigarettes have become currency,
=== history of Coinage===
* starts with the “touchstone”
** = a stone that can be rubbed to measure its purity (trust, value)
>> to do:
Phoenicians: created currency
Representative Money: paper money = coin value
Fiat money = backed by a promise only
=== weights and measures ===
=== writing ===
> create new page for writing
* power of writing
* from Jared Diamond's Guns, Germs & Steel", p 30:
<pre>Another chain of causation led from food production to writing, possibly the most important single invention of the last few thousand years (Chapter 12). Writing has evolved de novo only a few times in human history, in areas that had been the earliest sites of the rise of food production in their respective regions. All other societies that have become literate did so by the diffusion of writing systems or of the idea of writing from one of those few primary centers. Hence, for the student of world history, the phenomenon of writing is particularly useful for exploring another important constellation of causes: geography's effect on the ease with which ideas and inventions spread.</pre>
and, regarding his analysis of the Spanish conquest of the Inca, p. 81:
<pre>Why weren't the Incas the ones to invent guns and steel swords, to be mounted on animals as fearsome as horses, to bear diseases to which European lacked resistance, to develop oceangoing ships and advanced political organization, and to be able to draw on the experience of thousands of years of written history?</pre>
* from "An Inca Account of the Conquest of Peru" by the Incan prince, Titu Cusi (who learned and wrote the book in Spanish), on some of the first Incan encounters with the Spanish:
<pre>we have witnessed with our own eyes that they talk to white cloths by themselves and that they call some of us by our names without having been informed by anyone and only by looking into the sheets, which they hold in front of them.
</pre>
==Culture and Cultural & Technological Achievements==
* details
* sources:
==Historical sources & methods==
* tools and techniques to study history
=== types of historical evidence ===
* archeological evidence:
** remains (bones, fossilized human, animal, insect remains with DNA) 
** carbon-material for dating
=== primary source ===
* historical evidence created by the historical actors or at the time
** i.e., contemporaneous = "of the time"
* eye-witness testimony
** contemporaneous interviews or accounts, such as:
*** newspaper reports of eye-witness accounts
** diaries
** personal letters
*** court testimony
** oral history
** interviewing someone about their personal experiences in the past
** may involve selective or inaccurate memory
* other original documents, including:
** official papers
** newspapers
=== secondary source ===
* historical evidence created by non-participant observers
** could be contemporaneous or historical
*** an "indirect witness" would be someone who lived at the time but did not directly participate in the event
==== techniques to evaluate historical documents ====
* '''OPVL'''
** '''O'''rigin
** '''P'''urpose
** '''V'''alue
** '''L'''imitation
* '''HAPP-y'''
** '''H'''istorical context
** '''A'''udience
** '''P'''urpose
** '''P'''oint of view
*** '''y''' = just to make the acronym "HAPPy" complete
==Historiography==
= the study of how history is studied
=== Historiographic schools ===
=== Bias in study or writing of history ===
* confirmation bias
** see Confirmation bias
* editorial bias
* hagiography
** biography that idealizes the subject
** from Greek for writing about saints
* political bias
* note: application of a particular historiographic techniques does not imply a bias
** although it could have bias in the work
* see Historiography section
== archeology & other historical evidence ==
>> to do


== Economics ==
== Economics ==
Line 1,313: Line 1,468:
</pre></div>
</pre></div>


==Standards/ Standardization==
=== standard meaning ===
* '''standard''' (noun) =
** a baseline rule or line of common agreement
*** i.e., what a society agrees upon as commonly expected
** etymology (word origin):
*** from Old French ''estandard''for  fpr "to stand hard", as in fixed
*** derived from Latin ''extendere" for "to extend" and applied to an "upright pole"
*** applied to a flag, a "standard" represents an army or people
* '''standardize''' (verb)
** means to make in common or in common agreement
** '''standardization''' (noun) = in the state of being standardized; action of creating common agreement
=== purpose of standardization ===
* standards are a key element of creating rule, sovereignty and/or unity
** especially across large distances
** when a people agree upon something, it is "standard"
* forms of standardization include:0
** language, laws, money, religion, social customs, weights and measures, writing
* effects of standardization include:
** economic activity (trade), social and political organization, unity
** rule, power, especially in the sense of enforcing standards
* the below will review these different forms and purposes of standards and standardization
=== law ===
=== money ===
* “Money can be anything that the parties agree is tradable” (Wikipedia)
notes to do:
* money & trade
** trade =
*** geography
*** movement
*** scarcity/surplus
*** technology
*** technological and cultural diffusion
==== history of money ====
* “I understand the history of money. When I get some, it's soon history.”
* money must be:
** '''scarce'''
*** too much money reduces its value
*** inflation results from oversupply of money
*** or corruption or devaluation of money
*** see Latin expression: ''void ab initio''
**** = fraud from the beginning taints everything the follows
** '''transportable'''
*** ex. Micronesians used a currency of large limestone coins...9-12ft diameter, several tons... put them outside the houses.. great prestige... but they weren’t transportable, so tokens were created to represent them, or parts of them... Tokens = promises
** '''authentic'''
*** not easily counterfeited (fraudulently copied)
** '''trusted'''
*** government sanction
** '''permanent'''
*** problem with barter of plants and animals is perishability
**** i.e., fruit and goats can be traded, but fruit goes bad and goats die
* early non-coinage forms of money:
** sea shells
*** which are scarce (rare), authentic, visually attractive (pretty)
** cattle
** crops/ herbs/ spices
*** especially specialty crops, such as spices
**** such as pepper, which is dried and therefore transportable and non-perishable
** gems, gold, rare minerals
*** measured by weight
* modern period money forms:
* during Age of Discovery (15th-17th centuries) rum became currency
* 18th century Virginia, tobacco became money
* in prisons or prisoner of war camps, cigarettes have become currency,
=== history of Coinage===
* starts with the “touchstone”
** = a stone that can be rubbed to measure its purity (trust, value)
>> to do:
Phoenicians: created currency
Representative Money: paper money = coin value
Fiat money = backed by a promise only
=== weights and measures ===
=== writing ===
> create new page for writing
* power of writing
* from Jared Diamond's Guns, Germs & Steel", p 30:
<pre>Another chain of causation led from food production to writing, possibly the most important single invention of the last few thousand years (Chapter 12). Writing has evolved de novo only a few times in human history, in areas that had been the earliest sites of the rise of food production in their respective regions. All other societies that have become literate did so by the diffusion of writing systems or of the idea of writing from one of those few primary centers. Hence, for the student of world history, the phenomenon of writing is particularly useful for exploring another important constellation of causes: geography's effect on the ease with which ideas and inventions spread.</pre>
and, regarding his analysis of the Spanish conquest of the Inca, p. 81:
<pre>Why weren't the Incas the ones to invent guns and steel swords, to be mounted on animals as fearsome as horses, to bear diseases to which European lacked resistance, to develop oceangoing ships and advanced political organization, and to be able to draw on the experience of thousands of years of written history?</pre>
* from "An Inca Account of the Conquest of Peru" by the Incan prince, Titu Cusi (who learned and wrote the book in Spanish), on some of the first Incan encounters with the Spanish:
<pre>we have witnessed with our own eyes that they talk to white cloths by themselves and that they call some of us by our names without having been informed by anyone and only by looking into the sheets, which they hold in front of them.
</pre>
==Culture and Cultural & Technological Achievements==
* details
* sources:
==Historical sources & methods==
* tools and techniques to study history
=== types of historical evidence ===
* archeological evidence:
** remains (bones, fossilized human, animal, insect remains with DNA) 
** carbon-material for dating
=== primary source ===
* historical evidence created by the historical actors or at the time
** i.e., contemporaneous = "of the time"
* eye-witness testimony
** contemporaneous interviews or accounts, such as:
*** newspaper reports of eye-witness accounts
** diaries
** personal letters
*** court testimony
** oral history
** interviewing someone about their personal experiences in the past
** may involve selective or inaccurate memory
* other original documents, including:
** official papers
** newspapers
=== secondary source ===
* historical evidence created by non-participant observers
** could be contemporaneous or historical
*** an "indirect witness" would be someone who lived at the time but did not directly participate in the event
==== techniques to evaluate historical documents ====
* '''OPVL'''
** '''O'''rigin
** '''P'''urpose
** '''V'''alue
** '''L'''imitation
* '''HAPP-y'''
** '''H'''istorical context
** '''A'''udience
** '''P'''urpose
** '''P'''oint of view
*** '''y''' = just to make the acronym "HAPPy" complete
==Historiography==
= the study of how history is studied
=== Historiographic schools ===
=== Bias in study or writing of history ===
* confirmation bias
** see Confirmation bias
* editorial bias
* hagiography
** biography that idealizes the subject
** from Greek for writing about saints
* political bias
* note: application of a particular historiographic techniques does not imply a bias
** although it could have bias in the work
* see Historiography section
== archeology & other historical evidence ==
>> to do




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