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World History empires name meanings study guide: Difference between revisions
World History empires name meanings study guide (view source)
Revision as of 19:55, 5 January 2023
, 5 January 2023→Islamic Caliphates & empires
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** Shia claims for the title are more political | ** Shia claims for the title are more political | ||
** "Sharif" comes from "sayyid" | ** "Sharif" comes from "sayyid" | ||
* '''Sultanate''' is a localized religious and political ruler | |||
** but not a monarch or king (secular) | |||
** "Sultan" means "strength, authority, rule" | |||
** Sultans gained power as the Caliphates became fragmented over tmie | |||
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[[File:IslamicConquestsIroon.png|thumb|Political alignment at eve of Muslim conquest of Middle East:<br>- Byzantine Empire controlled Asia Minor, Greece, Levant (eastern coast of Mediterranean) and North Africa<br>- Sasanian Empire controlled Peria and Mesopotamia<br>- Rashidun Caliphate controls Arabia and was highly expansionist|alt=|left|250x250px]] | [[File:IslamicConquestsIroon.png|thumb|Political alignment at eve of Muslim conquest of Middle East:<br>- Byzantine Empire controlled Asia Minor, Greece, Levant (eastern coast of Mediterranean) and North Africa<br>- Sasanian Empire controlled Peria and Mesopotamia<br>- Rashidun Caliphate controls Arabia and was highly expansionist|alt=|left|250x250px]] | ||
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* included non-Arabs (especially Persians) | * included non-Arabs (especially Persians) | ||
* attacked by Mogols and fell to Seljuk Turks | * attacked by Mogols and fell to Seljuk Turks | ||
** Mongols sacked Baghdad in 1258 | |||
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=== Mamluk Sultanate === | |||
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* "mamluk" in Arabic means "one who is owned", so it was a state run by slaves | |||
* the Mamluks were non-Arabs, orgininally Turks but later mostly from Eastern Europe | |||
* made up of slave-soldiers or freed slaves | |||
|1250–1517 | |||
|Egypt, Levant | |||
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* Mamluks became a military caste under Arab rule | |||
* they gained prominence fighting the Christian Crusader states in the Levant | |||
* used cavalry and was unable to withstand Ottoman use of artillery (gunpowder) | |||
* the Ottomans retained Mamluks as subordinate ruling class in Egypt | |||
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=== Turks/ Seljuk Turks === | |||
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* Turko-Persian, Sunni Muslims from central Asia | |||
* "Seljuk" from an earlier Seljuk warlord, and possibly means "honest" or "man of his word" | |||
* empire founded by Tughril who united western Asian Turks | |||
* "Tughril" means "bird of prey" | |||
* "Seljuks" were nomads and mercenaries | |||
* Tughril ruled the empire with 2 others ("triumvirate") | |||
|1037–1194 | |||
|Persia, Mesopotamia, Levant, Anatolia | |||
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* the Seljuks encroached into Persia and took Baghdad upon the weakening of the Abbasid Caliphate (Arab) | |||
* conquered Persia and Middle East/ Anatolia (not Arabia and Egypt) | |||
* Suljuks were "Persianized" during period of rule, although the rulers spoke Turkic | |||
* used the Persian title "Shahanshah" (King of Kings) | |||
* used Turkic tribes to defend eastern borders, which led to "Turkicization" of those areas | |||
* lost parts of the Levant to European Crusades | |||
* after decline and fragmentation, other rules controlled various parts of their territory, up until the Mongol invasions | |||
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=== Ottoman Empire === | === Ottoman Empire === | ||
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* "Ottoman" from anglicization of "Osman I" founder of the empire | * "Ottoman" from anglicization of "Osman I" founder of the empire | ||
* the Turks also called it "Osmanli" for him | * the Turks also called it "Osmanli" for him | ||
** so Ottoman referred to elites | ** so Ottoman referred to elites | ||
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[[File:OttomanEmpireMain.png|thumb|The Ottoman Empire in 1683|alt=The Ottoman Empire in 1683|none|250x250px]] | [[File:OttomanEmpireMain.png|thumb|The Ottoman Empire in 1683|alt=The Ottoman Empire in 1683|none|250x250px]] | ||
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* one of the "gunpowder empires" | * one of the "gunpowder empires" | ||
* Safavid empire origins are multicultrual | * Safavid empire origins are multicultrual | ||
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Other dynasties, empires or concepts: | Other dynasties, empires or concepts: | ||