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Human geography: Difference between revisions
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* demographic analysis can be empowered by these categories | * demographic analysis can be empowered by these categories | ||
** | ** | ||
==== pre-Stage 1 ==== | |||
* pre-Agriculture or early agriculture (Neolithic) | |||
* hunter-gatherers | |||
* nomadic pastoral (herders) | |||
* low fertility rates | |||
** hunter-gatherer societies, women typically have babies every 4-5 years | |||
* stable population | |||
===== Stage 1 ===== | ===== Stage 1 ===== | ||
** | |||
* marked by both high birth and death rates | |||
*pre-industrial agricultural period | |||
*high fertility rates | |||
**in pre-industrial agricultural societies, women typically have babies every 2 years | |||
*high birth rates coincident w/ high death rates | |||
**= stable population | |||
**= high birth rate for population replacement | |||
*most people involved in agriculture | |||
**includes herding, farming | |||
*population dependent upon food supply | |||
**susceptible to famines and environmental | |||
***susceptible = easily impacted by | |||
===== Stage 2 ===== | ===== Stage 2 ===== | ||
* falling death rates and ongoing high birth rates | |||
* = high population growth | |||
* declines in death rates due to | |||
** higher agricultural yields, due to | |||
*** crop rotation | |||
*** soil management | |||
*** seed and seeding technologies | |||
** lower early-age death rates due to better hygiene | |||
* public health improvement due to | |||
** sewerage: | |||
*** fresh water supply | |||
*** sewage disposal | |||
*** general better hygiene | |||
* ongoing high-birth rates due to dependence on agriculture | |||
===== Stage 3 ===== | ===== Stage 3 ===== | ||
* low death rates and lower birth rates | |||
* lower fertility | |||
** less need for farm labor | |||
** contraception | |||
* movement of women into workforce | |||
** more educational opportunities for women | |||
* urbanization | |||
* increase in literacy | |||
* decline in '''youth dependency ratio''' | |||
** leads to increasing population aging | |||
===== Stage 4 ===== | ===== Stage 4 ===== | ||
* lower death and birth rates | |||
** leads to decline in population growth | |||
* larger female integration into education and workplace and general independence | |||
===== Stage 5 ===== | ===== Stage 5 ===== | ||
* lower death rates and birth rates below replacement levels | |||
** '''sub-replacement fertility''' | |||
* population aging and decline | |||
* Stage 5 countries without immigration will have population declines | |||
==== key terms ==== | ==== key terms ==== | ||
===== agriculture ===== | ===== agriculture ===== | ||
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* contraception | * contraception | ||
* population momentum | * population momentum | ||
* population aging | |||
* sub-replacement fertility | |||
* baby boom | * baby boom | ||
* urbanization | * urbanization | ||