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Grammar: Difference between revisions
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=== object complement === | === object complement === | ||
* a word that modifies | * a word that modifies a direct object | ||
** that is, it adds information to a direct object | |||
*** as opposed to a subject complement, which adds information to a subject | |||
** usually a noun, pronoun or adjective | |||
* object complements follow verbs that express both an object of an action and a recipient of that action | * object complements follow verbs that express both an object of an action and a recipient of that action | ||
** such as, ''appoint, call, create, declare, direct, elect, tell'' | ** such as, ''appoint, call, choose, create, declare, direct, elect, make, name, tell'' | ||
*** ''The committee appointed her president'' | *** ex. to appoint: | ||
*** ''My mom declared the cookies out of bounds'' | **** ''The committee appointed her.'' | ||
***** her = the recipient of the action (direct object) | |||
** if we add a complement to the object, we are describing what she was appointed to: | |||
*** ''The committee appointed her president.'' | |||
**** note that "president" is not an indirect object | |||
***** it is not the recipient of "appoint" therefore it is a "complement" to the object | |||
**** ex. | |||
***** ''The teacher considers the student '''worthy''''' (object complement adjective) | |||
***** ''The workers painted the wall '''white''''' (object complement noun) | |||
* object complements can also come in the form of phrases or clauses | |||
** ''My mom declared the cookies '''out of bounds''''' (prepositional phrase) | |||
** ''The team selected the player '''who was the best''''' (relative clause object complement) | |||
== Predicate == | == Predicate == | ||
* from Latin ''praedicatum'' for "something declared" | * from Latin ''praedicatum'' for "something declared" | ||
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=== infinitive phrase === | === infinitive phrase === | ||
* | * infinitive = the "to" form of a verb | ||
** but that | * infinitives acts as a noun, adjective or adverb | ||
*** | * infinitives are formed by adding the particle "to" before a verb | ||
** the infinitive indicates an action not as a direct action (verb) but as a thing or descriptor that indicates some action | |||
**** i.e. it is the object of what "I decided" | *** i.e., "to run" can be a noun, adjective or adverb, but it still indicates the action "run" | ||
**** "to the park" is prepositional phrase that acts like an adverb that describes "to go", as in "where [I decided] to go" | * infinitive as a <u>noun</u>: | ||
** | ** "'''''To go''' is the best decision"'' | ||
*** "to go" is the subject of the sentence | |||
** "''I decided '''to go''' to the park''" | |||
* note | *** "to go" is the direct object of the subject-verb "I decided" | ||
**** i.e. it is the object of what "I decided" | |||
**** note that "to the park" is prepositional phrase that acts like an adverb that describes "to go", as in "where [I decided] to go" | |||
** "''The teacher reminded the class '''to study''' for the test tomorrow"'' | |||
*** "the class" is the object of "the teacher reminded" and "to study" is an adverb that describes the verb "reminded" | |||
*** "to study" may also be seen as a "object complement" in that it serves as the object of "reminded the class" | |||
* infinitive as an adjective | |||
** "''The dog wanted the cake '''to drop''' on the floor"'' | |||
*** "to drop" is an adjective that describes the "cake" | |||
* infinitive as an adverb | |||
** ''"Jonesy drove himself '''to learn"''''' | |||
*** "to learn" is an adverb that describes the verb "drove" | |||
**** note that in this sentence, "Jonesy drove himself to school", the "to" is a preposition and not a particle | |||
* sometimes the "to" is dropped although the verb is still an infinitive: | |||
** ex. "The waiter made me wait" | ** ex. "The waiter made me wait" | ||
*** "wait" can be a noun, but here it is acting as an infinitive verb (the action "to wait") | *** "wait" can be a noun, but here it is acting as an infinitive verb (the action "to wait") | ||
* infinitives can have their own objects | |||
** ''She bought flowers to make him happy'' | |||
*** "to make" modifies "bought" (as an adverb) or "flowers" (as an adjective) | |||
*** "him" is the object of the infinitive "to make" | |||
**** "happy" is the object complement of "him" | |||
* see: [https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/general_writing/mechanics/gerunds_participles_and_infinitives/infinitives.html Infinitives (owl.purdue.edu)] | * see: [https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/general_writing/mechanics/gerunds_participles_and_infinitives/infinitives.html Infinitives (owl.purdue.edu)] | ||
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=== introductory phrase === | === introductory phrase === | ||
* a phrase that introduces an independent clause | |||
** usually a prepositional phrase or a participial phrase | |||
*** ''"'''On Thursdays''', I get out."'' (prepositional phrase) | |||
*** '''''"Feeling hungry,''' I bought some fries"'' (participial phrase) | |||
== Modifiers == | == Modifiers == | ||
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=== qualifiers === | === qualifiers === | ||
* qualifiers limit, or "qualify," the meaning of a word | * qualifiers limit, or "qualify," the meaning of a word | ||
* qualifiers can be adverbs or determiners | |||
* types of qualifiers: | * types of qualifiers: | ||
** adverbs: ''always, frequently sometimes, usually,'' | |||
** determiners: ''few, many, some,'' | |||
=== modifier errors: dangling modifiers === | === modifier errors: dangling modifiers === | ||
* a modifier that has no word or phrase to modify | * a modifier that has no word or phrase to modify | ||