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'''Grammar'''
'''Grammar'''
* = is from the Greek "art of letters" (words)
* technically, grammar is
** '''phonology''' = sounds that create word parts and words)
** '''morphology''' = how words are formed and interact with each other
** '''syntax''' = rules for the arrangement of words to create meaning
*** syntax defines the semantical purpose (meaning) of language


See [[Word Parts of Speech & Grammar Rules]] for list of commonly used words, their parts of speech categories, and the rules governing their use
'''Article purpose'''
* this article focuses on sentences and sentence parts, including:
** sentence definition
** clauses & phrases
** types of nouns, verbs, adjectives and modifiers & their use in a sentence


== Parts of Speech ==
'''Note''': "punctuation" and "parts of speech" are sub-categories of "grammar"
* see also:
** [[Punctuation]]
** [[Parts of Speech]] for grammar and usage rules on word categories
** [[List of word parts of speech & their grammar rules]] for list of commonly used words, their parts of speech categories, and the rules governing their use
* [[SAT Writing]] has grammar and punctuation rules and advice


=== nouns ===
'''Other related categories:'''
* persons, places, things
* [[:category:linguistics]]
* proper nouns
** [[etymology|etymology (word origin)]]
** nouns as modifiers
** [[semantics|semantics (individual word meaning)]]
*** ex. "dog food"
** [[syntax|syntax (word choice, combinations and context)]]
*** see [http://myenglishgrammar.com/lesson-12-modifiers/4-nouns-as-modifiers.html Nouns as Modifiers (meg.com)]
* [[homographs]] including:
=== verbs ===
** homophones, homonyms & heteronyms
* express action/s
* verb phrases
* verb forms
** infinitive
** conjugations
** -ing forms
*** gerunds
**** verbs acting as nouns
**** example:
***** "to swim" + -ing = "swimming" = a noun for the act of swimming
*** gerunds are often interchangeable with infinitives
*** example"
**** I hate doing math" versus "I hate to do math"
** See
*** [https://academicguides.waldenu.edu/writingcenter/grammar/verbforms Grammar: Verb Forms: "-ing," Infinitives, and Past Participles (Walden Univ)]
*** [https://academicguides.waldenu.edu/writingcenter/grammar/verbtensesMost Common Verb Tenses in Academic Writing (Walden Univ)]
*** [https://www.ef.edu/english-resources/english-grammar/ing-forms/ The -ing forms (ef.edu Resources for Learning English]
** see


=== conjugations ===
* see
** [https://www.verbto.com/ Verb conjugations]
=== adverbs ===


=== adjectives ===
[[category:Grammar]]
* modify nouns
[[category:Language Arts]]
[[category:SAT Verbal]]
[[category:linguistics]]
 
'''Note on abbreviations'''
* IC = "independent clause"
* DC = "dependent clause"
* SV = "subject + verb"
* SVO = "subject + verb + object"
* CB = College Board
** SAT practice tests referenced or excerpted here are from the [[https://collegereadiness.collegeboard.org/sat/practice/full-length-practice-tests College Board Official Practice Test Suite]]
 
 
== Sentence ==
 
* a complete and grammatically correct thought that contains at a minimum a subject (or an implied subject) and a verb or predicate
** i.e., "I shop." = a complete sentence and thought.
** "Go!" = the subject, usually, "you" is implied
*** this form of a command is called an "imperative" or "exclamatory" sentence.
* sentence complexity is created around the core '''Subject Verb Object/Predicate''' by adding:
** clauses
** modifiers
** phrases
** prepositions, etc.
=== Constituents ===
[[File:Sentence-constituent-parts school4schools-wiki-grammar.jpg|500px||border|right]]
* constituent = a word or words that creates a unique grammatical unit in a sentence
** word origin:
*** ''con-'' = with
*** ''stitu'' = from PIE ''-sta'' and Latin ''statuare'' for "to stand"
*** ''-ent'' = having the condition of (the suffix indicates a noun)
* constituent parts of a sentence are those that we can consider coherent elements or groupings within a sentence
** constituent parts operates as an hierarchy
*** i.e,. "Sam and I" = noun phrase that is made up of a noun + a conjunction + a noun
 
=== Categories of sentence purposes ===
* declarative sentence
** makes a statement
** most sentences are declarative in that they state something
* exclamatory sentence
** = a statement of urgency or emotion
*** also called an "exclamation"
** ex. "That really hurt!"
 
* interrogative sentence
** = a question or a request
** ex. "Is it raining?"
** may include rhetorical questions, such as, "Why does it have to rain now?" which may also be considered declarative
* imperative sentence
** = a or command
*** ex., "Get to work!"
** may also be an exclamatory statement
*** ex. "No!"
 
== case ==
* case = circumstance or situation
* dictionary definition of "case"
** ''Inflected forms of a noun, adjective or pronoun that express the semantic relation of the word to others in the sentence''
* in grammar, then, case is the "circumstance" of a word, how it is "situated" in a sentence
** case indicates the form and relationship of certain words
** case regards nouns, adjectives and verbs
** "inflected" means changed or emphasized
** word "inflections" are changes in a word according to chase
*** ''who v. whom'', or ''I go'' v. ''he goes''
*** the change at the end of the word, its ''stem,'' is an inflection
 
=== subjective v. objective case ===
* subjective = a point of view, an opinion
* objective = without opinion, a universal point of view
 
=== common errors of subjective v. objective case ===
* "between you and I"= incorrect
** "between" is a preposition, which uses the objective case of the noun
** thus it should be, "between you and me"
* "she told you and I to be quiet" = incorrect
** "she" = subject, "you" = the object ("she told you" or "she told me")
* "who do you love = incorrect and kinda correct
** "who" is an object, so should be "whom"
** however, common use of this expression has made "who do you love" an idiomatic expression
 
== Subject ==
* one of two parts of a sentence or a clause
** subject + predicate (verb)
* the subject is the "doer" of the
** see [[Parts of Speech]] for list of sentence parts
* here we will look at the roles and forms of a subject in a sentence
 
=== subject complement ===
* adds information to a subject following a linking verb (''is, seems, sounds,'' etc.)
** the word that follows the linking verb "complements" or "completes" the subect
*** "It was late"
*** "Gillian is a doctor"
 
=== subject phrase ===
 
* the subject of a sentence may not logically be a single word
** a phrase = 2 or more words that do not contain a finite verb (verb that has a subject)
* a "subject phrase" is two or more words that collectively act as the "doer" or subject of a sentence
** ex. "The conditions are poor" is a complete sentence and thought, but lacks important details as to "conditions" of what?"
*** so a more complete "subject phrase" might be,
**** "''The '''weather conditions''''' are poor"
**** "''The '''conditions of those teams''''' are poor"
**** "'''''Being smart''''' helps on that test"
 
=== subject clause ===
 
* just as a subject may be a compound phrase ("'''Getting there''' is the best part of the trip"), a noun clause (contains a finite verb) may act as a subject (or object).
* noun clauses tend to use "that" as a subordinating conjunction that creates the noun clause
* ex.
** '''''The team that played smarter, not harder''', won.''SUBJECT                                            | VERB |<---------------- subject clause --------------> | 
** ''A question I thought about beforehand escaped me when it was time to ask it''SUBJECT                                          | VERB |<---------------- subject clause ---------> | 
 
== Object ==
* the recipient of the actions
** see [[Parts of Speech]] for list of sentence parts
* objects follow "transitive" verbs, which indicate an action that necessarily "acts" upon something
** ex. "I ''hit the ball''"
*** hit = transitive verb (requires an object)
*** ball = the recipient of the action
 
=== object complement ===
* a word that modifies a direct object
** that is, it adds information to a direct object
*** as opposed to a subject complement, which adds information to a subject
** usually a noun, pronoun or adjective
* object complements follow verbs that express both an object of an action and a recipient of that action
** such as, ''appoint, call, choose, create, declare, direct, elect, make, name, tell''
*** ex. to appoint:
**** ''The committee appointed her.''
***** her = the recipient of the action (direct object)
** if we add a complement to the object, we are describing what she was appointed to:
*** ''The committee appointed her president.''
**** note that "president" is not an indirect object
***** it is not the recipient of "appoint" therefore it is a "complement" to the object
**** ex.
***** ''The teacher considers the student '''worthy''''' (object complement adjective)
***** ''The workers painted the wall '''white'''''  (object complement noun)
* object complements can also come in the form of phrases or clauses
** ''My mom declared the cookies '''out of bounds'''''  (prepositional phrase)
** ''The team selected the player '''who was the best''''' (relative clause object complement)
== Predicate ==
* from Latin ''praedicatum'' for "something declared"
** in logic, the "predicate" is the underlying claim or basis for a contention or proposition
* there are several definitions of "predicate" in grammar
*# the verb of a subject, also called a a "simple predicate"
*# the verb of a subject and additional direct information about the subject
*# everything in a complete sentence except the subject, also called a a "complete predicate"
* generally, the predicate expresses the action of the subject and the result of that action
 
== Verb ==
* the subject is the "doer" of the
* see [[Parts of Speech]] for list of sentence parts
* here we will look at the roles and forms of a subject in a sentence
 
=== linking verb===
* "link" a subject to something about that subject that is not a direct action
* linking verbs are:
** "to be" and all of its "auxiliary verb" forms, ''am/is/are, was/were, has/have been, is/are being, might be, could, should, might, must''
** ''to become, to seem''
* ex.:
** "Thank God it is Friday!"
** "The kids are hungry"
 
== Clause ==
{{:Clause (grammar)}}
 
== Phrase ==
* = a sentence part that does not have a subject and verb (which would make it into a clause)
** can be two or more words, depending on the type of phrase (see below)
* phrases are connected to an IC by a comma
* phrases are not complete sentences or thoughts
** however, phrases are meaningful sentence parts (i.e,, they give meaning to the sentence)
** that is, phrases add information to a clause or one of its parts
* sources:
** [https://www.chompchomp.com/terms/phrase.htm The Phrase (chompchomp.com)]
** [https://www.english-grammar-revolution.com/english-phrases.html English Phrases: Everything You Need to Know (english-grammar-revolution.com)]
 
=== absolute phrase ===
 
* modifies the main clause of a sentence
** and not just a single word
* contains a noun and an adjective
** the adjective can be a prepositional phrase or a past or present participle adjective
* absolute phrases add non-essential information to a sentence
 
=== adjective phrase ===
* two or more words that act as an adjective
**
* ex.
**
** can also be compound words, such as "well-adjusted"
*** well-adjusted = an adjective made up of "well" (adverb) + "adjusted" (past participle)
 
=== adverb phrase or adverbial phrase ===
* two or more words that operate as an adverb to modify an action
* examples:
** ''I'm staying '''until closing'''''"
** '''''She'll be there '''in a minute'''''*
*** * note that when a prepositional phrase acts as an adverb, it is technically an adverbial phrase
** ''He ran '''very quickly'''''
 
=== appositive phrase ===


=== articles ===
* "appositive" is an adjective that means "next to"
* definite
** prefix '''''ap-''''' = towards
** the
*** (related to the prefix "ad", but switches to "ap" when placed before a "P"
** refers to a specific noun, usually already stated or defined
*** such as "apparent" which means "ap"/into + "parare"/visible, i.e. "into view or sight"
* indefinite
** root '''''posit''''' = is from Latin ''ponere'' for "to place", i.e., "in position"
* a or an
** suffix -'''''ive''''' makes an adjective (from a verb)
** refers to a general noun, usually not already stated or defined
* the '''appositive phrase''' is two or more words that are next to another word in order to clarify, define, or identify it
** indefinite articles are not used to refer to a general noun or one that cannot be counteed
** note: a phrase is two or more words that does not contain a subject-verb
*** ex. "water" cannot be counted, so "a water" is incorrect
** ex.  
**** "may I have a water" should be instead "may I have some water"
*** ''"Jonas Samson''', a doctor of law,''' practices on the higher court"''
** zero articles
*** ''"My friend '''Tony the Shark''' is an excellent card player"''
*** when the noun represents a generic idea, the article can be omitted
*** ''"'''A thoughtful person''', she gives good advice"''
*** ''"'''An expert on trees, soil, and insects''', arborists have great information to help design your garden"''
** a single noun can be "in apposition" (thus it is not a phrase)
*** sometimes called "an appositive" (even though the words is technically an adjective)
*** ex.
*** ex.
**** "They went on vacation" as opposed to "they went on a vacation "
**** ''"My friend '''Tony''' is an excellent card player"''
**** Ringing bells
** when in the form of a clause, the apposition is a noun clause
*** a clause has a subject + verb
 
=== complement or requisite phrase ===
* a word, phrase or clause that is necessary, or required, to complete an idea or sentence
** complements are not separated from the main clause by punctuation
 
=== infinitive phrase ===
* infinitive = the "to" form of a verb
* infinitives acts as a noun, adjective or adverb
* infinitives are formed by adding the particle "to" before a verb
** the infinitive indicates an action not as a direct action (verb) but as a thing or descriptor that indicates some action
*** i.e., "to run" can be a noun, adjective or adverb, but it still indicates the action "run"
* infinitive as a <u>noun</u>:
** "'''''To go''' is the best decision"''
*** "to go" is the subject of the sentence
** "''I decided '''to go''' to the park''"
*** "to go" is the direct object of the subject-verb "I decided"
**** i.e. it is the object of what "I decided"
**** note that "to the park" is prepositional phrase that acts like an adverb that describes "to go", as in "where [I decided] to go"
** "''The teacher reminded the class '''to study''' for the test tomorrow"''
*** "the class" is the object of "the teacher reminded" and "to study" is an adverb that describes the verb "reminded"
*** "to study" may also be seen as a "object complement" in that it serves as the object of "reminded the class"
* infinitive as an adjective
** "''The dog wanted the cake '''to drop''' on the floor"''
*** "to drop" is an adjective that describes the "cake"
* infinitive as an adverb
** ''"Jonesy drove himself '''to learn"'''''
*** "to learn" is an adverb that describes the verb "drove"
**** note that in this sentence, "Jonesy drove himself to school", the "to" is a preposition and not a particle
* sometimes the "to" is dropped although the verb is still an infinitive:
** ex. "The waiter made me wait"
*** "wait" can be a noun, but here it is acting as an infinitive verb (the action "to wait")
* infinitives can have their own objects
** ''She bought flowers to make him happy''
*** "to make" modifies "bought" (as an adverb) or "flowers" (as an adjective)
*** "him" is the object of the infinitive "to make"
**** "happy" is the object complement of "him"
* see: [https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/general_writing/mechanics/gerunds_participles_and_infinitives/infinitives.html Infinitives (owl.purdue.edu)]
 
=== introductory phrase ===
 
* introduces a main clause
* generally followed by a comma to separate it from the main clause
* types of introductory phrases
** absolute phrase (''Tools in hand'', I went to work without reading the manual)
** appositive phrase (''Quite useful'', the manual is a must-read)
** infinitive phrase (''To know how'', you need to read the manual'')''
** participial phrase (''Not knowing how'', I had to read the manual)
** prepositional phrase (''Inside the box'', you will find the manual)
 
=== noun phrase ===
* two or more words that together act as a noun
** noun phrases may include modifiers or determiners
*** the little dog
*** my little dog
** noun phrases may be the subject or object of a sentence:
*** "The little dog begged for a bone"
*** "I ordered the little dog to sit"
** noun phrases are easy to see as they include a noun and together act like a noun
*** test out a noun phrase by replacing the phrase with a pronoun:
**** "The little dog begged for a bone"= "He begged for a bone"
**** "I ordered him to sit"
** gerund phrases are more difficult to distinguish
*** especially as to if the gerund is acting as a noun or an adjective/adverb
* gerund phrases are noun phrases:
** a gerund phrase may include an object of the gerund, adjectives, infinitive  or a prepositional phrase, ex.:
*** "''Watching my boring professor drone on about grammar'' leaves me bored beyond crying"
**** the gerund "watching" is the subject
***** note that "crying" is gerund, as well
** when the gerund phrase becomes descriptive, it becomes a participial or adjective phrase:
*** "Running with the ball, he scored!" = "running" describes "he", thus it is an adjective
**** if the present participle cannot be replaced by a distinct noun, then it is an adjective and not a gerund (noun)
***** we cannot say, "running with the ball scored" so "running" = a present participle adjective not a gerund
**** see also, "He scored running with the ball"
**** or, "He scored 12 points running with the ball"
***** in both cases the present participle acts as a modifier (adjective or adverb)
*** it's easier to see with this gerund phrase:
**** "The doctor said ''smoking is bad''" = gerund phrase as direct object
* see [https://www.gingersoftware.com/content/grammar-rules/gerund-phrase/ Gerund Phrase (gingersoftware.com)]
 
=== participial or participle phrase ===
* a type of adjective phrase
* participial phrases "show" (describe, act as modifier) rather than "tell" (show action)
* uses the -ing or -ed form of a verb that acts as an adjective
** note that the "-ing" form of a verb can also be a verb (participle) or a noun (gerund)
* frequently serves as an introductory or concluding phrase that qualifies or adds meaning to the main clause
** ex. "Thinking I was late, I rushed to work."
*** "thinking" = present participle of the verb "to think"
*** the present participle (-ing form) acts as an adjective
*** so the phrase, "Thinking I was late" is an adjective phrase (using a participial) that adds descriptive information to the main clause, "I rushed to work"
** or can also follow the main clause, as in : "I rushed to work, thinking I was late"\
 
=== prepositional phrase ===
* introduced by a preposition, which creates a relationship to a noun or a verb
** ex. ''of, by, for, on'', etc.
* prepositional phrases act as either adjectives or adverbs
** i.e, they add information to or modify a noun or a verb
* adjective ex:
** "Books on sailing are fun to read"
*** "on sailing" describes the types of books that are "fun to read"
* adverb ex.:
** "Stephanie rode her bicycle to the store"
*** "to the store" = adverb to describe where Stephanie rode
 
=== verb phrase ===
 
* two or more verbs that act as a single verb
** = main verb + a helping or "auxiliary" verb
** ex, "I couldn't have eaten any more cake if I tried"
*** "eat" = the main verb
*** "couldn't" and "have" = helping / auxiliary verbs
*** note: "if I tried" is an adverb clause (describes "could have eaten")
**** = a clause because it has a subject, "I" and a verb, "tried"
**** = a subordinate clause bc of the subordinating conjunction, "if", which makes the clause, "I tried" into an incomplete thought
 
== Style & usage ==
>> note: to create larger entry for style & usage to be linked here <<
=== active versus passive voice ===
==== active voice====
* = the subject and verb are directly stated
** as in, ''He gave the dog a bone'' = subject + verb + indirect object + object
* transitive verbs (which require an object) are always active voice
** ''I ate the entire pizza''
 
==== passive voice ====
* = the verb acts upon the subject, i.e., the subject follows the verb
** as in, ''The dog was given a bone by them'' = object + verb + subject (+ prep/phrase)
* passive voice uses the auxiliary verb "to be" + the past participle of the action verb
** as in, ''The entire pizza '''was eaten''' by me''
* when to use passive voice:
** passive voice shifts the emphasis from the subject to the object of the sentence
*** so if the object of the sentence is the important idea, then passive voice is fine
*** especially if the subject is irrelevant to the idea:
*** ex. ''The dog was given a bone''
**** focus is on the dog and the bone, and we don't need to state who gave it the bone
* passive voice can be "weaselly" when used to avoid responsibility for something:
** Son: "''Dad, your favorite glass was broken''"
** Father: "''Who broke it?''"
** Son: "''Uh, somebody...''"
* see
* see
** [https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/general_writing/grammar/using_articles.html Purdue OWN Using Articles}
** [[https://www.grammarly.com/blog/active-vs-passive-voice/ Active vs. Passive Voice (grammarly.com)]]
** [https://www.grammarly.com/blog/articles/ What Are Articles?]
=== pronouns ===
* "pro" = for; "noun"
* refer to a noun in oder to avoid repetition
* pronoun forms
** subject
** object
** possessive
** comparisons
** see [https://www.dummies.com/education/language-arts/grammar/how-to-pick-pronouns-for-comparisons/ How to Pick Pronouns for Comparisons (Dummies)]


=== prepositions ===
=== periods ===
* express relationship in time, place, or sequence
* inside or outside qoutations?
** see: https://style.mla.org/punctuation-and-quotation-marks/
* spaces after periods?
** see https://style.mla.org/number-of-spaces-after-period/


=== interjections ===
== Grammar lesson plans ==
* aside remarks or interruptions
* Understanding sentence cores & how to build out ideas into complex sentences
* exclamation
** students are to write a series of three or four simple statements of fact.
** expresses a spontaneous reaction or emotion
*** such as,
*** examples
**** I like dogs.
**** "no!"
**** I have a dog.
**** "okay"
**** My dog's name is Dudu.
**** "damn!"
**** Dudu is fun to play with.
**** "heh!"
*** students are then to combine these thoughts two at a time by employing sentence parts such as pronouns, conjunctions, and subordinating conjunctions, such as:
**** "Since I like dogs, I have one."
**** "My dog's name is Dudu, and she is fun to play with"
*** then combine those sentences/ ideas into a single, complex sentence:
***** Since I like dogs, I have one named Dudu who is fun to play with"
* Language and the law:
* Create courtroom scenario in which precision or imprecision in words, syntax, and grammar would change the outcome of the case
** such as the classic example of leading a witness, "Did you see the glass?" (as opposed to, "Did you see any glass?")
** [http://www.kentlaw.edu/academics/lrw/grinker/LWTA.htmThe Legal Writing Teaching Assistant: The Law Student's Guide to Good Writing (kentlaw.edu) from Chicago-Kent College of Law, by Prof. Marc Grinker]
** Prof. Grinker reviews grammar and writing from a legal perspective
** offers examples of the need for precision in language and downfalls of poor usage and incorrect grammar
 
== Conjunction ==
* conjunctions conjoin, combine or coordinate words and phrases (clauses)
=== conjunctions that combine words ====
* coordinators
** coordinate or combine individual words or phrases:
*** as in:
**** ''apples '''and''' oranges are similar '''and''' distinct fruits''
**** ''I only like apples '''or''' oranges that are ripe''
****
* correlative conjunction
** creates a combination or contrast of actions or ideas:
** ''and, or'', ''neither, nor'', etc.
 
==== conjunctions that combine sentence parts ====
** coordinating conjunction
** subordinating conjunction (SWABI)
==== conjunctions that coordinate or conjoin ideas====
** conjunctive adverb
* see
** [[Parts of speech#Conjunction]] for more on conjunctions
 
== Introductory clauses & phrases ==
=== introductory clause ===
* provides information or context to set up a dominant clause
* = a dependent clause (does not stand as a complete sentence)
* usually begin with a subordinating conjunction
** ex. "If you want to do well on the test, use the study guide"
=== introductory phrase ===
 
* a phrase that introduces an independent clause
** usually a prepositional phrase or a participial phrase
*** ''"'''On Thursdays''', I get out."'' (prepositional phrase)
*** '''''"Feeling hungry,''' I bought some fries"'' (participial phrase)


== Modifiers ==
== Modifiers ==
https://academicguides.waldenu.edu/writingcenter/grammar/modifiers
* modifiers change or add or "modify" the meaning of a word or sentence
* modifiers provide or extent additional meaning to the reader
* types of modifiers
** adjectives
** prepositions
*** prepositional phrases
** adverbs
** verbs as modifiers
*** participle phrase
* other
** adjective clause
** infinitive phrase
** adverbial clause
** absolute phrase
** Nouns as modifiers
 
=== intensifiers ===
* enhance or strengthen the meaning of a word
** (opposite of qualifiers which limit the meaning of a word)
* intensifiers are adverbs (which modify verbs and adjectives), such as "he ran very fast" or "he was very late"
* intensifiers can also act as adjectives in order to intensify an noun,
** as in "a total lie"
* types of intensifiers:
** positive intensifiers:
*** very, extremely, absolutely, greatly, totally, highly, particularly, seriously, etc.
** negative intensifiers:
*** never, at all, dangerously, never, etc.
** intensifiers that can be both positive or negative:
*** awfully, completely
Sources for modifiers, qualifiers & intensifiers
* [https://academicguides.waldenu.edu/writingcenter/grammar/modifiers Modifiers (Walden.edu)]]
* [https://www.myenglishteacher.eu/blog/modifiers-intensifiers-qualifiers/ Modifiers Intensifiers, Qualifiers (My English Teacher)]]
* [[https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/english-grammar-reference/intensifiers Intensifiers (Britishcouncil.org)]]
* [[https://www.grammar-monster.com/glossary/intensifier.htm Intensifier (Grammar-Monster.com)]]
* [https://school4schools.com/wiki/index.php?title=Word_Parts_of_Speech_%26_Grammar_Rules#very for Parts of Speech entry on "Very" (s4s wiki)]
 
=== qualifiers ===
* qualifiers limit, or "qualify," the meaning of a word
* qualifiers can be adverbs or determiners
* types of qualifiers:
** adverbs: ''always, frequently sometimes, usually,''
** determiners: ''few, many, some,''
=== modifier errors: dangling modifiers ===
* a modifier that has no word or phrase to modify
** i.e., it stands by itself, which is inherently illogical since a modifier must have something to modify
** usually, dangling modifiers occur with participial phrases (using the -ing present participle) or prepositional phrases
** dangling modifiers frequently mistake the target of the modification, such as modifying one thing, then discussing another
** examples:
** wrong: ''While playing around, it was late''
*** correct: ''While playing around, I noticed it was late"
** wrong: ''Driving to school, I forgot my homework''
*** correct: ''Driving to school, I realized I forgot my homework''
 
=== modifier errors: misplaced modifiers ===
* a modifier that is next to or seemingly modifies the word or phrase
* examples.
** wrong: ''The student failed the test in the back of the class''
*** correct: ''The student in the back of the class failed the test''
** wrong: ''The teacher gave a grade to the student that was really good''
*** correct: ''The teacher gave a really good grade to the student''
** wrong: ''Jamie chased the cat in his pajamas''
*** correct: ''In her pajamas, Jamie chased the cat''
 
=== modifier errors: pre and post adverbs ===
* modifier placement can change the meaning of a sentence:
* example:
** ''The student almost failed every test''
** v. ''The student failed almost every test''
*** here the modifier "almost" is an adverb
** ''The mechanic only works on trucks on Tuesdays''
*** = on Tuesdays the mechanic works on trucks and nothing else
** v. ''The mechanic works on trucks only on Tuesdays''
*** = it is only on Tuesdays that the mechanic will work on trucks (but might also work on cars, as well)
 
== Sentence diagramming ==
[[File:Purported-purpose-of-punctuation-diagram.jpg|450px|right|The diagrammed sentence is build around the core subject-verb]]
* diagraming sentences means identifying word and sentence parts
** and arranging them according to their relationship to the main clause/s of the sentence
* sentence diagrams help students to understand the grammatical mechanics of a sentence
* while not taught in schools, sentence diagramming can be empowering
* see [[Parts of Speech]]
* here for a diagrammed sentence showing noun phrases:
** [https://parentingpatch.com/using-nouns-noun-phrases-object-complements/ Using Nouns and Noun Phrases as Object Complements (parentingpatch.com)]
** [https://parentingpatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/2013-03-09-Using-Nouns-and-Noun-Phrases-as-Object-Complements-1.jpg Click here for diagrammed sentence image (parentingpatch.com)]
 
== vocabulary & definitions ==
 
=== Attributive ===
 
=== Appositive ===
 
=== Clause ===
 
=== Colloquial ===
 
===Denotation and Connotation ===
* denotation = literal meaning of a word
* connotation = associations wit words
** generally positive or negative associations
 
=== Idiom/ Idiomatic ===
* grammatical idiom
** words or phrases that are used simply because they are used
** = don't have specific rules
** note: prepositions are not idiomatic
* idiom as sayings or expressions
** idioms are common sayings that express an idea figuratively
*** but if taken literally are nonsensical
** ex.
*** "''Don't beat around the bush''"
*** "''Chip off the old block''"
*** "''Got the extra mile''"


=== Phrase ===


=== Sentence Diagramming ===
=== Grammatical oddities ===
* diagraming sentences means identifying every part of speech of the words in a sentence
* see [https://parentingpatch.com/using-nouns-noun-phrases-object-complements/ Using Nouns and Noun Phrases as Object Complements]
** {https://parentingpatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/2013-03-09-Using-Nouns-and-Noun-Phrases-as-Object-Complements-1.jpg]


== Categories ==
==== anacoluthon ====
[[Grammar]]
>> see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anacoluthon
[[Language Arts]]
[[Language Arts Skills]]
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