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Virginia SOL Virginia and US History test: important concepts: Difference between revisions

Virginia SOL Virginia and US History test: important concepts (view source)

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=== US Constitution ===
=== US Constitution ===
==== Constitutional Convention at Philadelphia, 1787 ====
* following George Washington's calls for amendment to the Articles of Confederation
* states sent delegates to Philadelphia to discuss forming of a new government
** '''James Madison''' of Virginia was the "thinker" behind the ideas of the Constitution
** George Washington presided over (oversaw, led) the Convention
* after several months of "closed deliberation" (meeting in secret) the Convention sent the new Constitution to the states for ratification (approval)
==== Ratification of the Constitution by the states ====
* as the states discussed the Constitution, two groups generally supported or opposed it
** the "'''Federalists'''" supported the new "federal" (central) government as necesarry for the country to move forward
** the "anti-Federalists" opposed the Constitution as giving too much power to the new government, putting the rights of the people at risk
==== Arguments for and against the Constitution ====
{| class="wikitable"
!Group
!Argument
|-
|'''Federalists'''
|the country needed a strong central government in order to:
* preserve the Union over fights and alliances between the states
* tax fairly in order to provide for the common benefit
* maintain common laws for trade and relations between the states
* pay for an army and navy
* negotiate treaties with other countries
* avoid and settle disputes between the states
|-
|'''anit-Federatlists'''
|the proposed constitution and its strong central government:
* had no recognition or protections of the rights of the people and the states
* was too strong because:
** it endangers the rights of the people
** it takes too many powers from the states
** it would not respond to the local needs of the people and states
|-
|compromise with the '''Bill of Rights'''
|the anti-federalists successfully argued for a "Bill or Rights" to be added to the Constitution in order to
* recognize the rights of the people
* limit the ability of the government to violate the rights of the people and the states
it was agreed that if the Constitution were adopted (or "ratified") by the states, a Bill of Rights would be added to it
* these are the first ten amendments (change/additions) to the Constitution, known collectively (all together) as "'''the Bill of Rights'''"
|}


==== Principles of the Constitution ====
==== Principles of the Constitution ====
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=== Missouri Compromise of 1820 ===
=== Missouri Compromise of 1820 ===
* allowed entry of
** Missouri as a slave state
** Maine as a free state
* set a rule that no more slave states would be allowed north of the 36' 30" parallel
** which Missouri was above, but was generally thought of as the line between the North and South
=== Westward Expansion ===
* US territory greatly expanded following:
** Louisiana Purchase, 1803
** Mexican-American War, 1846
Western economy
* railroads
** allowed movement of crops and cattle for sale in eastern markets
** "'''cattle drives'''"
=== Compromise of 1850 ===
* Fugitive Slave Act
=== Kansas-Nebraska Act ===
=== Dred Scott Decision ===


=== Civil War ===
=== Civil War ===
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* Dred Scott decision, 1857
* Dred Scott decision, 1857
* Fort Sumpter
* Fort Sumpter
* Assassinatin of Lincoln
* Assassination of Lincoln
* Radical Republicans
* Radical Republicans


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**** "confederacy" = a reference to the "Articles of Confederation"
**** "confederacy" = a reference to the "Articles of Confederation"
***** which gave more power to the states than did the US Constitution
***** which gave more power to the states than did the US Constitution
*** elected Jefferson Davis as President of the Confederate States (the "'''Confederacy'''")
*** elected '''Jefferson Davis''' as President of the Confederate States (the "'''Confederacy'''")
* '''Robert E. Lee'''
** remained loyal to the Virginia and took command of the "Army of Northern Virginia" to fight for the Confederacy
** Lee surrendered to General U.S. Grant at Appomattox Courthouse in Virginia
** after the War, Lee supported reconciliation of the North and South
** he later became president of Washington College


=== Reconstruction ===
=== Reconstruction ===
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* time period 1877-1945
* time period 1877-1945
'''Womens rights movements'''
* called "'''suffrage'''" movement
** suffrage = the right to vote
** "suffragettes" = women who protested for the right to vote
* the original US Constitution guaranteed the rights of free males to vote and hold office
** the 13th & 14th amendments s established citizenship and guaranteed the equality for former slaves
** however, the 15th amendment guaranteed the right to vote for former male and not female slaves
*** therefore, no women were able to vote in national elections
* the '''19th Amendment''' of 1920 guaranteed the right to vote for women
** after World War I, when women went to work in factories while many men went to war
** the Constitution was amended to allow women the right to vote
* Womens rights advocates also worked to secure other forms of equality for women, including
** property and legal rights
** rights to work, as well as protections from abuse from employers
** political participation


=== Industrialization ===
=== Industrialization ===
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* factory conditions
* factory conditions


=== Womens rights ===
**
 
* the original US Constitution guaranteed the rights of free males to vote and hold office
** the 13th & 14th amendments s established citizenship and guaranteed the equality for former slaves
** however, the 15th amendment guaranteed the right to vote for former male and not female slaves
*** therefore, no women were able to vote in national elections
* the '''19th Amendment''' of 1920 guaranteed the right to vote for women
** after World War I, when women went to work in factories while many men went to war
** the Constitution was amended to allow women the right to vote
*** "suffrage" = the right to vote
*** "suffragettes" = women who protested for the right to vote
* Womens rights advocates also worked to secure other forms of equality for women, including
** property and legal rights
** rights to work, as well as protections from abuse from employers
** political participation


=== Immigration ===
=== Immigration ===
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|
|
|-
|-
|religous persecution
|religious persecution & intolerance
|religious freedom
|religious freedom
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
|educational opportunities
|lack of educational opportunities
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|family connections to prior immigrants to the US
(called "chain migration")
|
|
|
|
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* US neutrality
* US neutrality
* US entry
* US entry
** sinking of the '''Lusitania''' ship by German submarine (U-Boat)
** '''sinking of the Lusitania''' ship by German submarine (U-Boat)


* after the War, President Woodrow Wilson gave a speech calling for creation of a "League of Nations" to ensure world peace
* after the War, President Woodrow Wilson gave a speech calling for creation of a "League of Nations" to ensure world peace
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** propaganda (publicity) for the war  
** propaganda (publicity) for the war  
*** anti-German and anti-Japanese propaganda
*** anti-German and anti-Japanese propaganda
** wage and price controls
** rationing of important supplies and materials
*** esp. rubber tires, gasoline, metal


== The United States since World War II ==
== The United States since World War II ==
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|Booker T. Washington
|Booker T. Washington
|
|
* born in slavery, after the Civil War he advocated for '''education and economic progress''' for blacks
* supported building of schools and universities for blacks
** for vocational and trade skills
** for professional skills
* he was the most prominent supporter of black leader of the late 1800s/ early 1900s
* he did not directly oppose segregation, instead advocated working around it for advancement
|
|
|-
|-
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|W.E.B. DuBois
|W.E.B. DuBois
|
|
* opposed Booker Washington's approach of not challenging segregation
* founded the NAACP, which worked to support equality for blacks and to challenge unjust laws in the courts
|
|
|-
|-
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** '''Martin Luther King''' gave his "'''I have a dream'''" speech on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial
** '''Martin Luther King''' gave his "'''I have a dream'''" speech on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial
**
**
Civil Rights Act of 1964
'''Voting Rights Act of 1965'''
* enacted by Congress under President Johnson
* greatly expanded ability of blacks to register to vote and vote in elections in the South


=== Vietnam ===
=== Vietnam ===
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*** 1947 "Berlin Crisis"
*** 1947 "Berlin Crisis"
*** Wall built in 1961 to keep East Berlin people from escaping to West Berlin
*** Wall built in 1961 to keep East Berlin people from escaping to West Berlin
=== Containment policy ===


==== Ronald Reagan ====
==== Ronald Reagan ====
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**former Eastern European and Asian countries that had been part of the USSR were restored as independent nations
**former Eastern European and Asian countries that had been part of the USSR were restored as independent nations
***ex. Lithuania, Ukraine, Kazakhstan, etc.
***ex. Lithuania, Ukraine, Kazakhstan, etc.
*with collapse of the Soviet Union (USSR):
**"eastern block" countries who were communist but not part of the Soviet Union
**they dropped Communism
**Germany was reunited
***it had been split between East Germany (Soviet supported) and West Germany (US supported)


=== Globalism ===
=== Globalism ===
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=== Internet ===
=== Internet ===


* connecticity
* connectivity
* globalism
* globalism
*
*coding as a job skill


=== War on Terror ===
=== War on Terror ===
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