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US History timeline & concept chart: 16th-18th centuries (to 1754) British-American colonies: Difference between revisions
US History timeline & concept chart: 16th-18th centuries (to 1754) British-American colonies (view source)
Revision as of 14:52, 30 October 2021
, 30 October 2021→Thirty Years War, 1618-1648
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**** Elizabeth subsequently cracked down on pro-Catholic agitators and sympathizers | **** Elizabeth subsequently cracked down on pro-Catholic agitators and sympathizers | ||
=== Thirty Years War, 1618-1648 === | === Thirty Years War, 1618-1648 === | ||
[[File:Habsburg dominions 1700.png|thumb|Habsburg possessions in Europe, ca 1700]] | |||
* background: | * background: | ||
** in 1500s, Protestant movements, mostly Lutheran, had spread across central and northern Europe | ** in 1500s, Protestant movements, mostly Lutheran, had spread across central and northern Europe | ||
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**** residents who did not wish to live under that religion would be free to leave without harassment | **** residents who did not wish to live under that religion would be free to leave without harassment | ||
*** these realms (principalities) would remain under the rule of the Holy Roman Empire | *** these realms (principalities) would remain under the rule of the Holy Roman Empire | ||
*** the | ** the Holy Roman Empire was a loose collection of states, either directly or indirectly ruled by Spain and Austria | ||
** the Holy Roman | *** direct Spanish rule included Netherlands, parts of northern Italy and southern Italy | ||
* | *** Austrian rule ("House of Habsburg") included Hungry, Bohemia (eastern Germany, largely today's Czech Republic) | ||
**** Austrian rule over German territories was loose and non-contiguous (not directly connected) | |||
* other causes: | |||
** spread of Protestantism beyond accepted borders under the Peace of Augsburg | |||
** growth of Calvinism, which was opposed by Lutherans and not protected under the Peace of Augsburg | |||
** economic competition between Calvinist and Lutheran states, including Baltic and Scandinavian countries (especially Sweden, which was Lutheran) | |||
* direct cause: | |||
** re-imposition of Catholicism and former Catholic properties in Bohemia led to a revolt there called the "Bohemian Revolt"; click EXPAND for notes on Bohemian Revolt: | |||
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> | |||
<pre> | |||
[[File:Prague Castle defenestration site.jpg|thumb|The window (top floor) where the defenestration occurred in 1618, when Protestant locals threw two Catholic agents of the Holy Roman Emperor out the window; they both survived]] | |||
* Bohemia had a long history of quasi-independence from Catholic rule | |||
** including the right to publish the Bible in Slavic (see [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saints_Cyril_and_Methodius Saints Cyril and Methodius (wikipedia)] | |||
* Bohemian priest Jan Hus led a reform movement, especially in protest of papal selling of "indulgences" (forgiveness for sins for money) | |||
** Hus was excommunicated and burned at the stake in 1415 | |||
** Hus's followers led a successful peasant revolt in the "Hussite Wars" | |||
** ultimately, the Hussites surrendered to the Catholic King of Bohemia | |||
** Hus's reform movement came over 100 years before that of Church reformer Martin Luther (the 1517 "95 Theses"), who inherited Hus' ideas | |||
* the Bohemian Revolt (1618-1620) was precipitated when royal governors (agents of the Holy Roman Emperor) attempted retake Catholic properties and rule | |||
** Protestant leaders threw two of the royal governors out the window of a castle | |||
*** both survived | |||
*** the Catholics claimed that Mother Mary descended from heaven and gently set them on the ground | |||
*** the Protestants claimed that they fell into donkey dung, thus saving them from the fall | |||
*** one of the royal governors was later rewarded by the Emperor and given the title, "Baron of Highfall" | |||
</pre></div> | |||
** Catholic forces defeated the Bohemian protestants, but Denmark and Sweden joined the war, spreading it across Germany | |||
* '''overall, the Thirty Years War''': | |||
** war between Catholic and protestant nations & regions | |||
** war between protestant sects, principally Lutherans and Calvinists | |||
** tremendous negative impact on European populations & economies | ** tremendous negative impact on European populations & economies | ||
*** estimates of 4.5 to 8 million dead (some parts of Germany suffered 50% population declines) | *** estimates of 4.5 to 8 million dead (some parts of Germany suffered 50% population declines) | ||
** 1648 Peace of Westphalia | ** the war ended when the Holy Roman Emperor decided not to press further due to financial strain of the constant fighting | ||
*** | * 1648 '''Peace of Westphalia''' | ||
** the settlement created independent small states | |||
** indirectly established principles of "national sovereignty" and "non-interference" | |||
*** see [[wikipedia:Westphalian_sovereignty|Westphalian sovereignty (wikipedia)]] | |||
*** | ** created independent Dutch state (freed from control by Spain) | ||
*** England largely free of involvement or impact of 30 Years War | ** France, which joined the war late, was empowered by the war | ||
* | *** Spain and Austria were weakened | ||
*** England remained largely free of involvement or impact of 30 Years War | |||
* '''impact of Thirty Years War on American colonies''': | |||
** shift in European balance of power from Spain & Portugal to England, France & Netherlands | |||
** competition for American colonial possessions increased | |||
** increase in slave trade to include Dutch, French and English and not just Portuguese and French | |||
** | |||
=== English Civil War, 1642–1651=== | === English Civil War, 1642–1651=== | ||
* extremely violent, disruptive period across the British Isles, hundreds of thousands of deaths from combat | * extremely violent, disruptive period across the British Isles, hundreds of thousands of deaths from combat | ||