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Parts of speech: Difference between revisions
→participles and gerunds
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=== participles and gerunds === | === participles and gerunds === | ||
* verb forms that act like an adjective or | * verb forms that act like an adjective, adverb or noun | ||
* types: | * types: | ||
** present participle | * participles | ||
*** verb form using -ing that acts as an adjective | ** present participle | ||
*** verb form using -ing that acts as an adjective or an adverb | |||
** past participle: | ** past participle: | ||
*** past tense verb form that acts as an adjective | *** past tense verb form that acts as an adjective or an adverb | ||
** gerund | ** gerund | ||
*** verb form using -ing that acts as a noun | *** verb form using -ing that acts as a noun | ||
==== present participle ==== | |||
* uses the -ing form of a verb as an adjective or an adverb | |||
** present participles describe nouns, noun phrases, or verbs (actions) | |||
* present participles as adjectives: | |||
** "The ''boiling'' water is hot" (describes the water) | |||
* | ** "This trip is ''exciting''" (modifies or describes the trip) | ||
** "The directions are ''confusing''" (modifies the directions) | |||
** "The boiling water is hot" (describes the water) | * present participles as adverbs: | ||
** "This trip is exciting" (modifies or describes the trip) | ** ''Smiling'', she went about her work" (modifies how she "went about her work") | ||
** "The directions are confusing" (modifies the directions) | * note that present participles may themselves be modified by an adverb | ||
* '''past participle | |||
==== past participle ==== | |||
** | * verbs in the past tense used as an adjective | ||
** = the simple past tense of a verb is used to show a condition of something | |||
** typically are -ed -en and -t forms | ** typically are -ed -en and -t forms | ||
** includes irregular verbs in the past tense, such as "to be" "to go" etc. | ** includes irregular verbs in the past tense, such as "to be" "to go" etc. | ||
* | * ex: | ||
** "''Boiled'' water is sanitized" ("boiled" and "sanitized" describe the noun, water) | |||
** "Boiled water is sanitized" ("boiled" and "sanitized" describe the water) | ** "The glass was ''broken'' when I found it" ("was broken" describes the noun, glass) | ||
** "The glass was broken when I found it" ("was broken" describes the glass) | ** "The ''cut'' flowers are pretty" ("cut'' modifies the noun, flowers) | ||
** "The cut flowers are pretty" ("cut | ==== gerunds ==== | ||
** verbs that act as nouns | ** verbs that act as nouns | ||
** use the -ing form of the verb | ** use the -ing form of the verb | ||
* | * ex: | ||
** "to swim" + -ing = "swimming" = a noun for the act of swimming | ** "to swim" + -ing = "swimming" = a noun for the act of swimming | ||
** "Swimming is fun" | ** "''Swimming'' is fun" | ||
** "Boiling water sanitizes it" ("boiling" is an act, therefore a noun, from the verb "to boil") | ** "''Boiling'' the water sanitizes it" ("boiling" is an act, therefore a noun, from the verb "to boil") | ||
* Note: gerunds are often interchangeable with infinitives | |||
** "I hate ''doing'' math" versus "I hate ''to do'' math" | |||
** however, note that gerunds and infinitives may act differently in terms of the object of the sentence: | |||
* click on EXPAND for how gerunds and infinitives change the meaning of a sentence using College Board Writing practice test 6 question 21: | * click on EXPAND for how gerunds and infinitives change the meaning of a sentence using College Board Writing practice test 6 question 21: | ||
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> | <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> | ||
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* A) NO CHANGE is correct because it is the object of the sentence, "soil extraction," that Burland advocates, not the action of its use (to use") | * A) NO CHANGE is correct because it is the object of the sentence, "soil extraction," that Burland advocates, not the action of its use (to use") | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
==== telling the difference between a gerund & a participle ==== | |||
* since participles act as adjectives, they are not essential to make a complete sentence or thought | |||
* since gerunds act as nouns, they are essential to make a complete sentence or thought (as a subject or object or other noun form) | |||
* to test whether verb is acting as a gerund or participle: | |||
** is it modifying a | |||
** remove it from the sentence | |||
==== using gerunds and participles ==== | |||
* the reason we use gerunds and participle is to express either the state of an action ("swimming") or what an action does/did to a noun ("boiled water") | |||
** gerunds and participles allow for simpler expression of those ideas than if they were expressed as subject-verbs | |||
** gerunds may act as subordinating conjunction | |||
*** such as "Swimming hard, he | |||
==== participles as dangling modifiers ==== | |||
* participial phrases are often the source of "dangling modifiers" | |||
** = adjectives or adjective phrases that are not clear as to what they modify, ex: | |||
*** "Smiling happily, she won the choral competition" | |||
= unclear if she won the competition becuase she was "smiling happily" or she was "smiling happily" when she won the tournament | |||
* See | * See | ||
** [https://academicguides.waldenu.edu/writingcenter/grammar/verbforms Grammar: Verb Forms: "-ing," Infinitives, and Past Participles (Walden Univ)] | ** [https://academicguides.waldenu.edu/writingcenter/grammar/verbforms Grammar: Verb Forms: "-ing," Infinitives, and Past Participles (Walden Univ)] | ||