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Parts of speech: Difference between revisions

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=== participles and gerunds ===
=== participles and gerunds ===
* verb forms that act like an adjective or a noun
* verb forms that act like an adjective, adverb or noun
* types:
* types:
** present participle:
* participles
*** verb form using -ing that acts as an adjective
** present participle
*** verb form using -ing that acts as an adjective or an adverb
** past participle:  
** past participle:  
*** past tense verb form that acts as an adjective  
*** past tense verb form that acts as an adjective or an adverb
** gerund
** gerund
*** verb form using -ing that acts as a noun
*** verb form using -ing that acts as a noun
* click on EXPAND for explanation and examples of present participles:
==== present participle ====
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* uses the -ing form of a verb as an adjective or an adverb
* '''present participle'''
** present participles describe nouns, noun phrases, or verbs (actions)
** uses the -ing form of a verb as an adjective
* present participles as adjectives:
</div>
** "The ''boiling'' water is hot" (describes the water)
* click EXPAND to see examples of past participles:
** "This trip is ''exciting''" (modifies or describes the trip)
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** "The directions are ''confusing''" (modifies the directions)
** "The boiling water is hot" (describes the water)
* present participles as adverbs:
** "This trip is exciting" (modifies or describes the trip)
** ''Smiling'', she went about her work" (modifies how she "went about her work")
** "The directions are confusing" (modifies the directions)
* note that present participles may themselves be modified by an adverb
</div>
 
* '''past participle'''
 
** verbs in the past tense used as an adjective
==== past participle ====
** where the simple past tense of a verb is used to show a condition of something
* verbs in the past tense used as an adjective
** = the simple past tense of a verb is used to show a condition of something
** typically are -ed -en and -t forms
** typically are -ed -en and -t forms
** includes irregular verbs in the past tense, such as "to be" "to go" etc.  
** includes irregular verbs in the past tense, such as "to be" "to go" etc.  
* click on EXPAND for past participles as adjectives examples:
* ex:  
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
** "''Boiled'' water is sanitized" ("boiled" and "sanitized" describe the noun, water)
** "Boiled water is sanitized" ("boiled" and "sanitized" describe the water)
** "The glass was ''broken'' when I found it" ("was broken" describes the noun, glass)
** "The glass was broken when I found it" ("was broken" describes the glass)
** "The ''cut'' flowers are pretty" ("cut'' modifies the noun, flowers)
** "The cut flowers are pretty" ("cut -
==== gerunds ====
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* '''gerunds'''
** verbs that act as nouns
** verbs that act as nouns
** use the -ing form of the verb
** use the -ing form of the verb
* click on EXPAND for gerund (participles as nouns) examples:
* ex:
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** "to swim" + -ing = "swimming" = a noun for the act of swimming
** "to swim" + -ing = "swimming" = a noun for the act of swimming
** "Swimming is fun"
** "''Swimming'' is fun"
** "Boiling water sanitizes it" ("boiling" is an act, therefore a noun, from the verb "to boil")
** "''Boiling'' the water sanitizes it" ("boiling" is an act, therefore a noun, from the verb "to boil")
</div>
* Note: gerunds are often interchangeable with infinitives
*** Note: gerunds are often interchangeable with infinitives
** "I hate ''doing'' math" versus "I hate ''to do'' math"
**** "I hate doing math" versus "I hate to do math"
** however, note that gerunds and infinitives may act differently in terms of the object of the sentence:
**** however, note that gerunds and infinitives may act differently in terms of the object of the sentence
* click on EXPAND for how gerunds and infinitives change the meaning of a sentence using College Board Writing practice test 6 question 21:
* click on EXPAND for how gerunds and infinitives change the meaning of a sentence using College Board Writing practice test 6 question 21:
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* A) NO CHANGE is correct because it is the object of the sentence, "soil extraction," that Burland advocates, not the action of its use (to use")
* A) NO CHANGE is correct because it is the object of the sentence, "soil extraction," that Burland advocates, not the action of its use (to use")
</div>  
</div>  
==== telling the difference between a gerund & a participle ====
* since participles act as adjectives, they are not essential to make a complete sentence or thought
* since gerunds act as nouns, they are essential to make a complete sentence or thought (as a subject or object or other noun form)
* to test whether verb is acting as a gerund or participle:
** is it modifying a
** remove it from the sentence
==== using gerunds and participles ====
* the reason we use gerunds and participle is to express either the state of an action ("swimming") or what an action does/did to a noun ("boiled water")
** gerunds and participles allow for simpler expression of those ideas than if they were expressed as subject-verbs
** gerunds may act as subordinating conjunction
*** such as "Swimming hard, he
==== participles as dangling modifiers ====
* participial phrases are often the source of "dangling modifiers"
** = adjectives or adjective phrases that are not clear as to what they modify, ex:
*** "Smiling happily, she won the choral competition"
= unclear if she won the competition becuase she was "smiling happily" or she was "smiling happily" when she won the tournament
* See
* See
** [https://academicguides.waldenu.edu/writingcenter/grammar/verbforms Grammar: Verb Forms: "-ing," Infinitives, and Past Participles (Walden Univ)]
** [https://academicguides.waldenu.edu/writingcenter/grammar/verbforms Grammar: Verb Forms: "-ing," Infinitives, and Past Participles (Walden Univ)]