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US History timeline & concept chart: 1860s-1900: Difference between revisions
US History timeline & concept chart: 1860s-1900 (view source)
Revision as of 04:51, 17 May 2021
, 17 May 2021→1870s-1890s concepts, themes & trends
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** = competition will lead to the survival of the fittest | ** = competition will lead to the survival of the fittest | ||
=== Labor movements | === Labor movements & unions === | ||
* rights of workers | * rights of workers | ||
* strikes (and legality of them) | * strikes (and legality of them) | ||
* '''Knights of Labor''', started 1869 | |||
** to organized urban factory workers and demand better working conditions, pay, and prohibition on child labor (under age 14) | |||
* '''American Federation of Labor''' (AFL) | |||
** led by Samuel Gompers | |||
** denounced revolution and sought to negotiate with industry to raise wages and better work conditions | |||
** AFL restricted union membership to white men, mostly, excluding blacks and many immigrants | |||
* strikes & labor riots | |||
** '''Haymarket Square Riot''', 1886 | |||
*** labor activists set off bomb that killed police, turned popular support against labor | |||
** '''Homestead Strike''', 1892 | |||
*** steel factory strike put down by private army that killed several strikers | |||
*** Pinkerton Detectives: hired by factory owners to put down strikes, protect strike-breakers (“scabs”) | |||
** '''Pullman Palace Car Factory strike''', 1894 | |||
*** first national strike, when one strike was joined by others and rail travel was shut down - Labor movements split between: | |||
=== Populist movements: Grange & People's Party === | === Populist movements: Grange & People's Party === | ||
* hard v. soft money | * hard v. soft money | ||
* = gold v. silver | * = gold v. silver | ||
* Small famers want to pay debts in silver | * Small famers want to pay debts in silver | ||
* Wm J. Bryan: | * Wm J. Bryan: | ||
* “Cross of Gold Speech” | ** “Cross of Gold Speech” | ||
* as the national economy become more interconnected, railroads, markets, grain prices, etc. become local issues dependent upon national systems | ** as the national economy become more interconnected, railroads, markets, grain prices, etc. become local issues dependent upon national systems | ||
* as result, local interests organized into movements to defend the interests of farmers, especially, versus the railroads and industrial companies | ** as result, local interests organized into movements to defend the interests of farmers, especially, versus the railroads and industrial companies | ||
* key was debt: farmers wanted “soft money” (silver) debt instead of “hard money” debt (gold) | ** key was debt: farmers wanted “soft money” (silver) debt instead of “hard money” debt (gold) | ||
* silver arose as an issue because of huge mines discovered that led to flood of silver into the markets, inflating the price of silver (thus soft money) versus gold, which was more scarce and kept its value | ** silver arose as an issue because of huge mines discovered that led to flood of silver into the markets, inflating the price of silver (thus soft money) versus gold, which was more scarce and kept its value | ||
* '''Grange Movement''', starting 1867 | * '''Grange Movement''', starting 1867 | ||
* grew as “cooperatives” and political candidates to represent the interest of farmers | * grew as “cooperatives” and political candidates to represent the interest of farmers | ||
* Farmer’s Alliances: grew out of Grange and extended more into politics | * Farmer’s Alliances: grew out of Grange and extended more into politics | ||
* People’s Party: grew out of the Farmer’s alliances into a full political party | * '''People’s Party''': grew out of the Farmer’s alliances into a full political party | ||
** movement made up of small farmers mostly from the Midwest | |||
** 1892 election: Omaha platform called for silver money, government takeover of railroads and telegraphs, income tax, labor reform | |||
* '''William Jennings Bryan became Democratic party candidate in 1896, 1900 and 1908 | |||
** largely adopted the platform of the Grange/People’s party | |||
** Bryan: “Cross of gold” speech became famous argument for “soft money, ie silver | |||
** see 1890s: silver mines in CO & NV | |||
=== Reform movements === | |||
* women’s rights | |||
* urban reform | |||
* aanti-corruption | |||
* workplace reform | |||
* child labor reform | |||
* urban reformers, including: | |||
** Jane Addams and “Hull House” to help working mothers | |||
=== newspapers & “yellow journalism” === | === newspapers & “yellow journalism” === | ||
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** most Americans were against violence but many Americans did worry about the meaning and impact of social and economic changes going on around them | ** most Americans were against violence but many Americans did worry about the meaning and impact of social and economic changes going on around them | ||
** many Americans blame immigrants for the agitation | ** many Americans blame immigrants for the agitation | ||
* socialist party arose in 1894, but was less influential than other parties | |||
** led by '''Eugene Debs''' | |||
** wanted to overthrow capitalism | |||
* | |||
* | |||
=== subheading | === subheading | ||