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US History timeline & concept chart: 16th-18th centuries (to 1754) British-American colonies: Difference between revisions

US History timeline & concept chart: 16th-18th centuries (to 1754) British-American colonies (view source)

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== French & Indian wars ==  
== Colonial wars ==
{| class="wikitable"
! '''PERIOD / TIMELINE'''
! '''Major Events, Concepts & Themes'''
! cell style="width:60%"|'''Notes & connections: details of issues, concepts, themes & events'''
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
|
* 1688–1697 King William's War<br><br>
* 1702–1713 Queen Anne's War <br><br>
* 1744–1748 King George's War <br><br>
* French-Indian War <br><br>
*
||
* to be covered in next Timeline & Concepts chart
||
'''BIG IDEAS'''
* '''American colonial expansion'''
** rising population
** frontier opportunities for small farmers, especially in New England
* French & Indian Wars
** in French known as "Intercolonial wars"
** part of various European "dynastic wars"
=== King William's War === 
* 1688–1697
=== Queen Anne's War === 
1702–1713
=== King George's War === 
=== French-Indian War ===
'''DETAILS'''
=== New France ===
New France was divided into three entities: Acadia on the Atlantic coast; Canada along the Saint Lawrence River and up to the Great Lakes; and Louisiana from the Great Lakes to the Gulf of Mexico, along the Mississippi River.[14] The French population amounted to 14,000 in 1689.[14] Although the French were vastly outnumbered, they were more politically unified and contained a disproportionate number of adult males with military backgrounds.[12] Realizing their numerical inferiority, they developed good relationships with the indigenous peoples in order to multiply their forces and made effective use of hit-and-run tactics.[12]
 
{| class="wikitable"  
{| class="wikitable"  
! '''War Timeline'''
! '''War Timeline'''
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! cell style="width:60%"|'''Consequence'''
! cell style="width:60%"|'''Consequence'''
|- style="vertical-align:top;"  
|- style="vertical-align:top;"  
 
| 1675–1678
|| King Philip's War
|| n/a - independent of European conflicts or involvement
||
* early Pilgrims & Wampanoag chief Massasoit maintained friendly relations
* upon his death, his son, Metacom, accused colonists of violating agreements (land use)
** led raids on Massachusetts, Maine, Rhode Island and Connecticut villages & settlements
** colonial militia responded
** considered the most deadly of all colonial wars
*** half of colonial towns attacked and 12 destroyed
*** 1/10 colonial males killed
*** 100s of Wampanaogs executed or enslaved
*** Wampoaaogs lands entirely lost to them
* impact upon New England identity
** war conducted without British involvement or support
** created distinct identify and sense of independence from Britain
|-
| 1688–1697
| 1688–1697
|| King William's War
|| King William's War
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|| Queen Anne's War
|| Queen Anne's War
|| War of the Spanish Succession
|| War of the Spanish Succession
||
* War of Spanish Succession over death of Spanish King Charles II
** France and England wanted colonies to remain neutral
** existing colonial border tensions were enflamed by the European conflict
** included French, Spanish & British boundaries in
*** Newfoundland & Hudson Bay
*** Massachusetts & Maine
*** Carolinas
* English colonial population 250,000
* French & Spanish populations were negligible, relying mostly on Indian allies
* outcome:
** British take Acadia, Newfoundland, Hudson Bay, and Saint Kitts
|-
| 1722–1725
|| Dumner's War
|| n/a - colonial war
||
* series of conflicts between New England colonials and Wabanaki Confederacy
* William Dummer was governor of Massachusetts
* fought mostly in Maine and Nova Scotia
* source of conflict was ongoing British colonial settlements in Maine and (modern) Vermont
** the Wabanaki Confederacy had not been party to French and English settlement of Queen Anne's War
*** and so did not adhere to the French-British agreement
* outcome was that New England colonials took over most of Acadia (Maine)
||
|-
|
||
||
|-  
|-  


| 1739
|| War of Jenkin's Ear
|| n/a - Caribbean conflict
||
* a Spanish commander sliced the ear of a British merchant captain
* the conflict was largely in the Caribbean
** British colonials from Georgia attacked the Spanish St. Augustine, FL in 1740
*** Spanish forces retaliated in 1742 with an attack upon the Georgia coast, which was repelled
** the conflict did not involve the French, but did morph into the larger European conflict in the War of the Austrian Succession
|-


| 1744–1748
| 1744–1748
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|| War of the Austrian Succession
|| War of the Austrian Succession
||  
||  
* energized New England ship building industry
* New England colonists organized invasion of Nova Scotia
* led to heavy losses of colonial forces, 8% of males were killed
* the war energized New England ship building industry
** adventurism / privateers & investments in expeditions on Spanish ships & possessions in Caribbean
** adventurism / privateers & investments in expeditions on Spanish ships & possessions in Caribbean
* European demand for food due to war and poor harvests increased demand for grain & rice
** European demand for food due to war and poor harvests increased demand for grain & rice
* conclusion of the war changed no boundaries and did not settle tensions
** may be considered as contributor to French-Indian War of 1754




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notes to sort through from wikipeida;
== Indian, French, & French & Indian wars ==
{| class="wikitable"
! '''PERIOD / TIMELINE'''
! '''Major Events, Concepts & Themes'''
! cell style="width:60%"|'''Notes & connections: details of issues, concepts, themes & events'''
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
|
* 1675–1678 King Philip's War<br><br>
* 1688–1697 King William's War<br><br>
* 1702–1713 Queen Anne's War <br><br>
* 1744–1748 King George's War <br><br>
* French-Indian War <br><br>
*
||
* to be covered in next Timeline & Concepts chart
||
'''BIG IDEAS'''
* '''American colonial expansion'''
** rising population
** frontier opportunities for small farmers, especially in New England
* King Philip's War
* 1675–1678
* French & Indian Wars
** in French known as "Intercolonial wars"
** part of various European "dynastic wars"
=== King William's War === 
* 1688–1697
=== Queen Anne's War === 
* 1702–1713
=== King George's War ===
* 1744–1748


=== French-Indian War ===
'''DETAILS'''
=== New France ===
New France was divided into three entities: Acadia on the Atlantic coast; Canada along the Saint Lawrence River and up to the Great Lakes; and Louisiana from the Great Lakes to the Gulf of Mexico, along the Mississippi River.[14] The French population amounted to 14,000 in 1689.[14] Although the French were vastly outnumbered, they were more politically unified and contained a disproportionate number of adult males with military backgrounds.[12] Realizing their numerical inferiority, they developed good relationships with the indigenous peoples in order to multiply their forces and made effective use of hit-and-run tactics.[12]


Father Le Loutre’s War
notes to sort through from wikipeida
Father Le Loutre's War (1749–1755), also known as the Indian War, the Micmac War and the Anglo-Micmac War, took place between King George's War and the French and Indian War in Acadia and Nova Scotia.[c] On one side of the conflict, the British and New England colonists were led by British Officer Charles Lawrence and New England Ranger John Gorham. On the other side, Father Jean-Louis Le Loutre led the Mi'kmaq and the Acadia militia in guerrilla warfare against settlers and British forces.[10] (At the outbreak of the war there were an estimated 2500 Mi'kmaq and 12,000 Acadians in the region.)[11]


While the British captured Port Royal in 1710, the Mi'kmaq and Acadians continued to contain the British in settlements at Port Royal and Canso. The rest of the colony was in the control of the Catholic Mi'kmaq and Acadians. About forty years later, the British made a concerted effort to settle Protestants in the region and to establish military control over all of Nova Scotia and present-day New Brunswick, igniting armed response from Acadians in Father Le Loutre's War. The British settled 3,229 people in Halifax during the first years. This exceeded the number of Mi'kmaq in the entire region and was seen as a threat to the traditional occupiers of the land.[d] The Mi'kmaq and some Acadians resisted the arrival of these Protestant settlers.
|}
 
The war caused unprecedented upheaval in the area. Atlantic Canada witnessed more population movements, more fortification construction, and more troop allocations than ever before.[12] Twenty-four conflicts were recorded during the war (battles, raids, skirmishes), thirteen of which were Mi'kmaq and Acadian raids on the capital region Halifax/Dartmouth. As typical of frontier warfare, many additional conflicts were unrecorded.
 
Acadian resistance to British-rule in Acadia began after Queen Anne's War, with the signing of the Treaty of Portsmouth in 1713. The treaty saw the French cede portions of New France to the British, including the Hudson Bay region, Newfoundland, and peninsular Acadia. Acadians had previously supported the French in three conflicts known as the French and Indian Wars. Acadians joined French privateer Pierre Maisonnat dit Baptiste as crew members in his victories over many British vessels during King William's War. After the Siege of Pemaquid, Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville led a force of 124 Canadians, Acadians, Mi'kmaq and Abenaki in the Avalon Peninsula Campaign. They destroyed almost every British settlement in Newfoundland, killed more than 100 British and captured many more. They deported almost 500 British colonists to England or France.[14]
 
With demands for an unconditional oath, the British fortification of Nova Scotia, and the support of French policy, a significant number of Acadians made a stand against the British. On 18 September 1749, a document was delivered to Edward Cornwallis signed by a total of 1000 Acadians, with representatives from all the major centres. The document stated that they would leave the country before they would sign an unconditional oath.[31] Cornwallis continued to press for the unconditional oath rejecting their Christian Catholic Faith and accepting the Protestant Anglican Church with a deadline of 25 October. In response, hundreds of Acadians were deported by the British with the confiscation of their homes, their lands and their cattle. The deportation of the Acadians by the British involved almost half of the total Acadian population of Nova Scotia. The expulsion was brutal often separating children from their families. The leader of the Exodus was Father Jean-Louis Le Loutre, whom the British gave the code name "Moses".[32] Historian Micheline Johnson described Le Loutre as "the soul of the Acadian resistance."[2]
 
1675–1678 King Philip's War
 
The war is named for Metacom, the Wampanoag chief who adopted the name Philip because of the friendly relations between his father Massasoit and the Mayflower Pilgrims. The war continued in the most northern reaches of New England until the signing of the Treaty of Casco Bay in April 1678.
 
Massasoit had maintained a long-standing alliance with the colonists. Metacom (c. 1638–1676) was his younger son, and he became tribal chief in 1662 after Massasoit's death. Metacom, however, forsook his father's alliance between the Wampanoags and the colonists after repeated violations by the colonists
Native raiding parties attacked homesteads and villages throughout Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, and Maine over the next six months, and the Colonial militia retaliated.
 
The war was the greatest calamity in seventeenth-century New England and is considered by many to be the deadliest war in Colonial American history
 
The war was the greatest calamity in seventeenth-century New England and is considered by many to be the deadliest war in Colonial American history.[9] In the space of little more than a year, 12 of the region's towns were destroyed and many more were damaged, the economy of Plymouth and Rhode Island Colonies was all but ruined and their population was decimated, losing one-tenth of all men available for military service.[10][a] More than half of New England's towns were attacked by Natives.[12] Hundreds of Wampanoags and their allies were publicly executed or enslaved, and the Wampanoags were left effectively landless.[13]
 
King Philip's War began the development of an independent American identity. The New England colonists faced their enemies without support from any European government or military, and this began to give them a group identity separate and distinct from Britain.[14]
 
 
 
Wabanaki Confederacy,. 1680s
The Passamaquoddy wampum records describe that there were once fourteen tribes along with many bands that were once part of the Confederation.[1]:117 Native tribes like that of the Norridgewock, Etchemin, and Canibas, through massacres, tribal consolidation, and ethnic label shifting were absorbed into the five larger national identities.
 
Members of the Wabanaki Confederacy, the Wabanaki, are in and named for the area which they call Wabanakik ("Dawnland"), roughly the area that became the French colony of Acadia.[2][3] It is made up of most of present-day Maine in the United States, and New Brunswick, mainland Nova Scotia, Cape Breton Island, Prince Edward Island and some of Quebec south of the St. Lawrence River, Anticosti, and Newfoundland in Canada. The Western Abenaki live on lands in Quebec as well as New Hampshire, Vermont, and Massachusetts of the United States.[4]
 
 
Queen Anne's War
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Queen Anne's War
Part of the War of the Spanish Succession and the Indian Wars
QueenAnnesWarBefore.svg
Map of European colonies in America, 1702
Date 1702–1713
(11 years)
Location
North America
Result
British victory
 
Treaty of Utrecht
Treaty of Portsmouth (1713)
Territorial
changes France cedes to Britain the control of Acadia, Newfoundland, Hudson Bay, and Saint Kitts
Belligerents
France
 
New France
Spain Spain loyal to Philip V
 
Spain New Spain
Wabanaki Confederacy
Caughnawaga Mohawk
Choctaw
Timucua
Apalachee
Natchez
England (before 1707)
 
Kingdom of England British America
Great Britain (after 1707)
 
British America
Muscogee (Creek)
Chickasaw
Yamasee Iroquois Confederacy
Commanders and leaders
José de Zúñiga y la Cerda
Daniel d'Auger de Subercase
Philippe de Rigaud Vaudreuil
Father Sebastian Rale
Jean-Baptiste Hertel de Rouville Joseph Dudley
James Moore
Francis Nicholson
Hovenden Walker
Benjamin Church Teganissorens
vte
War of the Spanish
Succession:
North America
vte
Spanish colonial campaigns
Part of a series on the
History of New Spain
Flag of Cross of Burgundy.svg
Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire
Spanish conquest of Guatemala
Spanish conquest of Yucatán
Spanish conquest of Petén
Spanish conquest of the Maya
Columbian Exchange
History of the Philippines (1521–1898)
Piracy in the Caribbean
Spanish missions in the Americas
Queen Anne's War
Bourbon Reforms
Spanish–Moro conflict
Spanish American wars of independence
Casta
Mexican Independence War
vte
Queen Anne's War (1702–1713) was the second in a series of French and Indian Wars fought in North America involving the colonial empires of Great Britain, France, and Spain; it took place during the reign of Anne, Queen of Great Britain. In Europe, it is generally viewed as the American theater of the War of the Spanish Succession; in the Americas, it is more commonly viewed as a standalone conflict. It is also known as the Third Indian War[1] or as the Second Intercolonial War in France.[2]
 
The war broke out in 1701 and was primarily a conflict between French, Spanish and English colonists for control of the American continent while the War of the Spanish Succession was being fought in Europe, with each side allied to various Native American tribes. It was fought on four fronts:
 
 
Further information on causes of the war in Europe: War of the Spanish Succession
 
Philip of Anjou proclaimed as the King of Spain in November 1700. A dispute over his succession led to war between the Grand Alliance and the Bourbon alliance.
When war broke out in Europe in 1701 following the death of King Charles II concerning who should succeed him to the Spanish throne, it was initially restricted to a few powers in Europe, but it widened in May 1702 when England declared war on Spain and France.[6] Both the British and French wanted to keep their American colonies neutral, but they did not reach an agreement.[7] But the American colonists had their own tensions which had been growing along the borders separating the French and English colonies, especially concerning boundaries and governing authority in the northern and southwestern frontiers of the English colonies, which stretched from the Province of Carolina in the south to the Province of Massachusetts Bay in the north, with additional colonial settlements or trading outposts on Newfoundland and at Hudson Bay.[8]
 
The total population of the English colonies was about 250,000, with Virginia and New England dominating.[9] The residents were concentrated along the coast, with small settlements inland, sometimes reaching as far as the Appalachian Mountains.[10] Colonists knew little of the interior of the continent to the west of the Appalachians and south of the Great Lakes. This area was dominated by Indian tribes, although French and English traders had penetrated it. Spanish missionaries in La Florida had established a network of missions to convert the Indians to Roman Catholicism.[11] The Spanish population was relatively small (about 1,500), and the Indian population to whom they ministered has been estimated at 20,000.[12] French explorers had located the mouth of the Mississippi River, and they established a small colonial presence at Fort Maurepas near Biloxi, Mississippi, in 1699.[13] From there, they began to build trade routes into the interior, establishing friendly relations with the Choctaw, a large tribe whose enemies included the British-allied Chickasaw.[14] All of these populations had suffered to some degree from the introduction of infectious diseases such as smallpox by early explorers and traders.[15]
 
 
King George's War (1744–1748) is the name given to the military operations in North America that formed part of the War of the Austrian Succession (1740–1748). It was the third of the four French and Indian Wars. It took place primarily in the British provinces of New York, Massachusetts Bay (which included Maine as well as Massachusetts at the time), New Hampshire (which included Vermont at the time), and Nova Scotia. Its most significant action was an expedition organized by Massachusetts Governor William Shirley that besieged and ultimately captured the French fortress of Louisbourg, on Cape Breton Island in Nova Scotia, in 1745. In French, it is known as the Troisième Guerre Intercoloniale or Third Intercolonial War.[1]
 
The Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle ended the war in 1748 and restored Louisbourg to France, but failed to resolve any outstanding territorial issues.
 
The War of Jenkins' Ear (named for a 1731 incident in which a Spanish commander sliced off the ear of British merchant captain Robert Jenkins and told him to take it to his king, George II) broke out in 1739 between Spain and Great Britain, but was restrained to the Caribbean Sea and conflict between Spanish Florida and the neighboring British Province of Georgia. The War of the Austrian Succession, nominally a struggle over the legitimacy of the accession of Maria Theresa to the Austrian throne, began in 1740, but at first did not involve either Britain or Spain militarily. Britain was drawn diplomatically into that conflict in 1742 as an ally of Austria and an opponent of France and Prussia, but open hostilities between them did not take place until 1743 at Dettingen.
 
War was not formally declared between Britain and France until March 1744. Massachusetts did not declare war against Quebec and France until June 2.[2]
 
The war took a heavy toll, especially in the northern British colonies. The losses of Massachusetts men alone in 1745–46 have been estimated as 8% of that colony's adult male population.[citation needed]
 
According to the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, Louisbourg was returned to France three years later, in exchange for the city of Madras in India, which had been captured by the French from the British. This decision outraged New Englanders, particularly Massachusetts colonists who had contributed the most to the expedition (in terms of funding and personnel). The British government eventually acknowledged Massachusetts' effort with a payment of £180,000 after the war. The province used this money to retire its devalued paper currency.
 
The peace treaty, which restored all colonial borders to their pre-war status, did little to end the lingering enmity between France, Britain, and their respective colonies, nor did it resolve any territorial disputes. Tensions remained in both North America and Europe. They broke out again in 1754, with the start of the French and Indian War in North America, which spread to Europe two years later as the Seven Years' War. Between 1749 and 1755 in Acadia and Nova Scotia, the fighting continued in Father Le Loutre's War.
 
 
Dummer's War
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
  (Redirected from Father Rale's War)
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Dummer's War
Part of the American Indian Wars
Death of Father Sebastian Rale of the Society of Jesus.jpg
Battle of Norridgewock (1724): Death of Father Sebastian Rale
Date 25 July 1722 – 15 December 1725[1]
Location
Northern New England and Nova Scotia
Result Dummer's Treaty (preliminary 1725, final 1727)
Belligerents
New England Colonies
Mohawk Wabanaki Confederacy
Abenaki
Pequawket
Mi'kmaq
Maliseet
Commanders and leaders
William Dummer
John Doucett
Shadrach Walton
Thomas Westbrook
John Lovewell †
Jeremiah Moulton
Johnson Harmon Gray Lock
Sebastian Rale †
Father Joseph Aubery[2]
Chief Paugus †
Chief Mog †
Chief Wowurna
vte
Father Rale's War
The Dummer's War (1722–1725, also known as Father Rale's War, Lovewell's War, Greylock's War, the Three Years War, the 4th Anglo-Abenaki War,[3] or the Wabanaki-New England War of 1722–1725)[4] was a series of battles between New England and the Wabanaki Confederacy (specifically the Miꞌkmaq, Maliseet, and Abenaki) who were allied with New France. The eastern theater of the war was fought primarily along the border between New England and Acadia in Maine, as well as in Nova Scotia; the western theater was fought in northern Massachusetts and Vermont at the border between Canada (New France) and New England. During this time, Maine and Vermont were part of Massachusetts.[5]
 
The root cause of the conflict on the Maine frontier concerned the border between Acadia and New England, which New France defined as the Kennebec River in southern Maine.[6]:27,266[7][8] Mainland Nova Scotia came under British control after the Siege of Port Royal in 1710 and the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713 (not including Cape Breton Island), but present-day New Brunswick and Maine remained contested between New England and New France. New France established Catholic missions among the four largest Indian villages in the region: one on the Kennebec River (Norridgewock), one farther north on the Penobscot River (Penobscot Indian Island Reservation), one on the Saint John River (Meductic Indian Village / Fort Meductic),[9][10]:51,54 and one at Shubenacadie, Nova Scotia (Saint Anne's Mission).[11] Similarly, New France established three forts along the border of New Brunswick during Father Le Loutre's War to protect it from a British attack from Nova Scotia.
 
The Treaty of Utrecht ended Queen Anne's War, but it had been signed in Europe and had not involved any member of the Wabanaki Confederacy. The Abenaki signed the 1713 Treaty of Portsmouth, but none had been consulted about British ownership of Nova Scotia, and the Mi'kmaq began to make raids against New England fishermen and settlements.[12] The war began on two fronts as a result of the expansion of New England settlements along the coast of Maine and at Canso, Nova Scotia. The New Englanders were led primarily by Massachusetts Lieutenant Governor William Dummer, Nova Scotia Lieutenant Governor John Doucett, and Captain John Lovewell. The Wabanaki Confederacy and other Indian tribes were led primarily by Father Sébastien Rale, Chief Gray Lock, and Chief Paugus.
 
During the war, Father Rale was killed by the British at Norridgewock. The Indian population retreated from the Kennebec and Penobscot rivers to St. Francis and Becancour, Quebec, and New England took over much of the Maine territory.[13]
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