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US History timeline & concept chart: 16th-18th centuries (to 1754) British-American colonies: Difference between revisions

US History timeline & concept chart: 16th-18th centuries (to 1754) British-American colonies (view source)

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→‎French & Indian wars
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* 1688–1697 King William's War<br><br>
* 1702–1713 Queen Anne's War <br><br>
* 1744–1748 King George's War <br><br>
* French-Indian War <br><br>
*  
*  
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* Intercolonial wars
* to be covered in next Timeline & Concepts chart
* European dynastic wars
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'''BIG IDEAS'''
* '''American colonial expansion'''
** rising population
** frontier opportunities for small farmers, especially in New England
* French & Indian Wars
** in French known as "Intercolonial wars"
** part of various European "dynastic wars"
=== King William's War ===   
=== King William's War ===   
* 1688–1697
* 1688–1697
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1702–1713
1702–1713
=== King George's War ===   
=== King George's War ===   
=== French-Indian War ===
=== French-Indian War ===
* to be covered in next Timeline & Concepts chart
'''DETAILS'''
||
=== New France ===
'''BIG IDEAS'''
New France was divided into three entities: Acadia on the Atlantic coast; Canada along the Saint Lawrence River and up to the Great Lakes; and Louisiana from the Great Lakes to the Gulf of Mexico, along the Mississippi River.[14] The French population amounted to 14,000 in 1689.[14] Although the French were vastly outnumbered, they were more politically unified and contained a disproportionate number of adult males with military backgrounds.[12] Realizing their numerical inferiority, they developed good relationships with the indigenous peoples in order to multiply their forces and made effective use of hit-and-run tactics.[12]
*
 
{| class="wikitable"  
{| class="wikitable"  
! Years of War
! '''War Timeline'''
! North American War
! '''Colonial name'''
! European War
! '''European name'''
! Treaty
! cell style="width:60%"|'''Consequence'''
|-
|- style="vertical-align:top;"  
|cell style="width: 50%" | '''HEADER''' ||cell style="width: 50%" |'''HEADER'''  
 
| 1688–1697
|| King William's War
||
* War of the Grand Alliance
* War of the League of Augsburg
* Nine Years' War
||
* started due to New England expansion into Acadia, a region of New France
* France aligned '''Wabanaki Confederacy''' opposed colonialists and their allied Iroquois Confederacy
* wiki: The Iroquois dominated the economically important Great Lakes fur trade and had been in conflict with New France since 1680.[15]:43 At the urging of New England, the Iroquois interrupted the trade between New France and the western tribes. In retaliation, New France raided Seneca lands of western New York. In turn, New England supported the Iroquois in attacking New France, which they did by raiding Lachine.
* also konwn as '''Second Indian War'''
* resulted in no changes in British of French colonial territories
* Wabanaki Confederacy" held off colonial American attempts to expand into southern Main
|-
 
| 1702–1713
|| Queen Anne's War
|| War of the Spanish Succession
|-  
|-  
| data col 1 || data col 2
 
 
| 1744–1748
|| King George's War
|| War of the Austrian Succession
|-  
|-  
| data col 1 || data col 2
 
|}
 
'''DETAILS'''
| 1754–1763
*
|| French-Indian War
{|- style="vertical-align:top;"
|| Seven Years' War
|-
 
 
|  
||
||
|-  
 
 
|}
|}
| class="wikitable" align="center"
! Years of War
! North American War
! European War
! Treaty
|-
| align=center valign=center|1688–1697
| valign=top|


| valign=top|[[War of the Grand Alliance]]<br />War of the [[League of Augsburg]]<br />[[Nine Years' War]]
 
| valign=top|[[Treaty of Ryswick]] (1697)
notes to sort through from wikipeida;
|-
 
| align=center valign=center|1702–1713
 
| valign=top|
Father Le Loutre’s War
'''[[Queen Anne's War]]'''<br />''2nd Intercolonial War'' <br />'''[[Dummer's War]]
Father Le Loutre's War (1749–1755), also known as the Indian War, the Micmac War and the Anglo-Micmac War, took place between King George's War and the French and Indian War in Acadia and Nova Scotia.[c] On one side of the conflict, the British and New England colonists were led by British Officer Charles Lawrence and New England Ranger John Gorham. On the other side, Father Jean-Louis Le Loutre led the Mi'kmaq and the Acadia militia in guerrilla warfare against settlers and British forces.[10] (At the outbreak of the war there were an estimated 2500 Mi'kmaq and 12,000 Acadians in the region.)[11]
| valign=top|[[War of the Spanish Succession]]
 
| valign=top|[[Treaty of Utrecht (1713)]]
While the British captured Port Royal in 1710, the Mi'kmaq and Acadians continued to contain the British in settlements at Port Royal and Canso. The rest of the colony was in the control of the Catholic Mi'kmaq and Acadians. About forty years later, the British made a concerted effort to settle Protestants in the region and to establish military control over all of Nova Scotia and present-day New Brunswick, igniting armed response from Acadians in Father Le Loutre's War. The British settled 3,229 people in Halifax during the first years. This exceeded the number of Mi'kmaq in the entire region and was seen as a threat to the traditional occupiers of the land.[d] The Mi'kmaq and some Acadians resisted the arrival of these Protestant settlers.
|-
 
| align=center valign=center|1744–1748
The war caused unprecedented upheaval in the area. Atlantic Canada witnessed more population movements, more fortification construction, and more troop allocations than ever before.[12] Twenty-four conflicts were recorded during the war (battles, raids, skirmishes), thirteen of which were Mi'kmaq and Acadian raids on the capital region Halifax/Dartmouth. As typical of frontier warfare, many additional conflicts were unrecorded.
| valign=top|
 
'''[[King George's War]]'''<br />''3rd Intercolonial War''<br />'''[[War of Jenkins' Ear]]'''
Acadian resistance to British-rule in Acadia began after Queen Anne's War, with the signing of the Treaty of Portsmouth in 1713. The treaty saw the French cede portions of New France to the British, including the Hudson Bay region, Newfoundland, and peninsular Acadia. Acadians had previously supported the French in three conflicts known as the French and Indian Wars. Acadians joined French privateer Pierre Maisonnat dit Baptiste as crew members in his victories over many British vessels during King William's War. After the Siege of Pemaquid, Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville led a force of 124 Canadians, Acadians, Mi'kmaq and Abenaki in the Avalon Peninsula Campaign. They destroyed almost every British settlement in Newfoundland, killed more than 100 British and captured many more. They deported almost 500 British colonists to England or France.[14]
| valign=top|[[War of the Austrian Succession]]
 
| valign=top|[[Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748)]]
With demands for an unconditional oath, the British fortification of Nova Scotia, and the support of French policy, a significant number of Acadians made a stand against the British. On 18 September 1749, a document was delivered to Edward Cornwallis signed by a total of 1000 Acadians, with representatives from all the major centres. The document stated that they would leave the country before they would sign an unconditional oath.[31] Cornwallis continued to press for the unconditional oath rejecting their Christian Catholic Faith and accepting the Protestant Anglican Church with a deadline of 25 October. In response, hundreds of Acadians were deported by the British with the confiscation of their homes, their lands and their cattle. The deportation of the Acadians by the British involved almost half of the total Acadian population of Nova Scotia. The expulsion was brutal often separating children from their families. The leader of the Exodus was Father Jean-Louis Le Loutre, whom the British gave the code name "Moses".[32] Historian Micheline Johnson described Le Loutre as "the soul of the Acadian resistance."[2]
|-
 
| align=center valign=center|1754–1763
1675–1678 King Philip's War
| valign=top|
 
'''[[French and Indian War|The French and Indian War]]'''<br />''4th Intercolonial War'' or ''War of Conquest'' (in Quebec)<ref>Marcel Trudel, Guy Frégault, "La guerre de la conquête, 1754–1760", Montréal, 1955 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=pO80AAAAIAAJ&q=%22Guerre+de+la+conquete%22&dq=%22Guerre+de+la+conquete%22&hl=fr&sa=X&ei=vyS6VJvgC9HjaMyqgoAO&ved=0CCgQ6AEwAQ]</ref> <br />''6th Indian War''<ref>William Williamson. The history of the state of Maine. Vol. 2. 1832. p. 304</ref> <br />'''[[Father Le Loutre's War]]'''
The war is named for Metacom, the Wampanoag chief who adopted the name Philip because of the friendly relations between his father Massasoit and the Mayflower Pilgrims. The war continued in the most northern reaches of New England until the signing of the Treaty of Casco Bay in April 1678.
| valign=top|[[Seven Years' War]]
 
| valign=top|[[Treaty of Paris (1763)]]
Massasoit had maintained a long-standing alliance with the colonists. Metacom (c. 1638–1676) was his younger son, and he became tribal chief in 1662 after Massasoit's death. Metacom, however, forsook his father's alliance between the Wampanoags and the colonists after repeated violations by the colonists
|}
Native raiding parties attacked homesteads and villages throughout Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, and Maine over the next six months, and the Colonial militia retaliated.
 
The war was the greatest calamity in seventeenth-century New England and is considered by many to be the deadliest war in Colonial American history
 
The war was the greatest calamity in seventeenth-century New England and is considered by many to be the deadliest war in Colonial American history.[9] In the space of little more than a year, 12 of the region's towns were destroyed and many more were damaged, the economy of Plymouth and Rhode Island Colonies was all but ruined and their population was decimated, losing one-tenth of all men available for military service.[10][a] More than half of New England's towns were attacked by Natives.[12] Hundreds of Wampanoags and their allies were publicly executed or enslaved, and the Wampanoags were left effectively landless.[13]
 
King Philip's War began the development of an independent American identity. The New England colonists faced their enemies without support from any European government or military, and this began to give them a group identity separate and distinct from Britain.[14]
 
 
 
Wabanaki Confederacy,. 1680s
The Passamaquoddy wampum records describe that there were once fourteen tribes along with many bands that were once part of the Confederation.[1]:117 Native tribes like that of the Norridgewock, Etchemin, and Canibas, through massacres, tribal consolidation, and ethnic label shifting were absorbed into the five larger national identities.
 
Members of the Wabanaki Confederacy, the Wabanaki, are in and named for the area which they call Wabanakik ("Dawnland"), roughly the area that became the French colony of Acadia.[2][3] It is made up of most of present-day Maine in the United States, and New Brunswick, mainland Nova Scotia, Cape Breton Island, Prince Edward Island and some of Quebec south of the St. Lawrence River, Anticosti, and Newfoundland in Canada. The Western Abenaki live on lands in Quebec as well as New Hampshire, Vermont, and Massachusetts of the United States.[4]
 
 
Queen Anne's War
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Queen Anne's War
Part of the War of the Spanish Succession and the Indian Wars
QueenAnnesWarBefore.svg
Map of European colonies in America, 1702
Date 1702–1713
(11 years)
Location
North America
Result
British victory
 
Treaty of Utrecht
Treaty of Portsmouth (1713)
Territorial
changes France cedes to Britain the control of Acadia, Newfoundland, Hudson Bay, and Saint Kitts
Belligerents
France
 
New France
Spain Spain loyal to Philip V
 
Spain New Spain
Wabanaki Confederacy
Caughnawaga Mohawk
Choctaw
Timucua
Apalachee
Natchez
England (before 1707)
 
Kingdom of England British America
Great Britain (after 1707)
 
British America
Muscogee (Creek)
Chickasaw
Yamasee Iroquois Confederacy
Commanders and leaders
José de Zúñiga y la Cerda
Daniel d'Auger de Subercase
Philippe de Rigaud Vaudreuil
Father Sebastian Rale
Jean-Baptiste Hertel de Rouville Joseph Dudley
James Moore
Francis Nicholson
Hovenden Walker
Benjamin Church Teganissorens
vte
War of the Spanish
Succession:
North America
vte
Spanish colonial campaigns
Part of a series on the
History of New Spain
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Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire
Spanish conquest of Guatemala
Spanish conquest of Yucatán
Spanish conquest of Petén
Spanish conquest of the Maya
Columbian Exchange
History of the Philippines (1521–1898)
Piracy in the Caribbean
Spanish missions in the Americas
Queen Anne's War
Bourbon Reforms
Spanish–Moro conflict
Spanish American wars of independence
Casta
Mexican Independence War
vte
Queen Anne's War (1702–1713) was the second in a series of French and Indian Wars fought in North America involving the colonial empires of Great Britain, France, and Spain; it took place during the reign of Anne, Queen of Great Britain. In Europe, it is generally viewed as the American theater of the War of the Spanish Succession; in the Americas, it is more commonly viewed as a standalone conflict. It is also known as the Third Indian War[1] or as the Second Intercolonial War in France.[2]
 
The war broke out in 1701 and was primarily a conflict between French, Spanish and English colonists for control of the American continent while the War of the Spanish Succession was being fought in Europe, with each side allied to various Native American tribes. It was fought on four fronts:
 
 
Further information on causes of the war in Europe: War of the Spanish Succession
 
Philip of Anjou proclaimed as the King of Spain in November 1700. A dispute over his succession led to war between the Grand Alliance and the Bourbon alliance.
When war broke out in Europe in 1701 following the death of King Charles II concerning who should succeed him to the Spanish throne, it was initially restricted to a few powers in Europe, but it widened in May 1702 when England declared war on Spain and France.[6] Both the British and French wanted to keep their American colonies neutral, but they did not reach an agreement.[7] But the American colonists had their own tensions which had been growing along the borders separating the French and English colonies, especially concerning boundaries and governing authority in the northern and southwestern frontiers of the English colonies, which stretched from the Province of Carolina in the south to the Province of Massachusetts Bay in the north, with additional colonial settlements or trading outposts on Newfoundland and at Hudson Bay.[8]
 
The total population of the English colonies was about 250,000, with Virginia and New England dominating.[9] The residents were concentrated along the coast, with small settlements inland, sometimes reaching as far as the Appalachian Mountains.[10] Colonists knew little of the interior of the continent to the west of the Appalachians and south of the Great Lakes. This area was dominated by Indian tribes, although French and English traders had penetrated it. Spanish missionaries in La Florida had established a network of missions to convert the Indians to Roman Catholicism.[11] The Spanish population was relatively small (about 1,500), and the Indian population to whom they ministered has been estimated at 20,000.[12] French explorers had located the mouth of the Mississippi River, and they established a small colonial presence at Fort Maurepas near Biloxi, Mississippi, in 1699.[13] From there, they began to build trade routes into the interior, establishing friendly relations with the Choctaw, a large tribe whose enemies included the British-allied Chickasaw.[14] All of these populations had suffered to some degree from the introduction of infectious diseases such as smallpox by early explorers and traders.[15]
 
 
King George's War (1744–1748) is the name given to the military operations in North America that formed part of the War of the Austrian Succession (1740–1748). It was the third of the four French and Indian Wars. It took place primarily in the British provinces of New York, Massachusetts Bay (which included Maine as well as Massachusetts at the time), New Hampshire (which included Vermont at the time), and Nova Scotia. Its most significant action was an expedition organized by Massachusetts Governor William Shirley that besieged and ultimately captured the French fortress of Louisbourg, on Cape Breton Island in Nova Scotia, in 1745. In French, it is known as the Troisième Guerre Intercoloniale or Third Intercolonial War.[1]
 
The Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle ended the war in 1748 and restored Louisbourg to France, but failed to resolve any outstanding territorial issues.
 
The War of Jenkins' Ear (named for a 1731 incident in which a Spanish commander sliced off the ear of British merchant captain Robert Jenkins and told him to take it to his king, George II) broke out in 1739 between Spain and Great Britain, but was restrained to the Caribbean Sea and conflict between Spanish Florida and the neighboring British Province of Georgia. The War of the Austrian Succession, nominally a struggle over the legitimacy of the accession of Maria Theresa to the Austrian throne, began in 1740, but at first did not involve either Britain or Spain militarily. Britain was drawn diplomatically into that conflict in 1742 as an ally of Austria and an opponent of France and Prussia, but open hostilities between them did not take place until 1743 at Dettingen.
 
War was not formally declared between Britain and France until March 1744. Massachusetts did not declare war against Quebec and France until June 2.[2]
 
The war took a heavy toll, especially in the northern British colonies. The losses of Massachusetts men alone in 1745–46 have been estimated as 8% of that colony's adult male population.[citation needed]
 
According to the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, Louisbourg was returned to France three years later, in exchange for the city of Madras in India, which had been captured by the French from the British. This decision outraged New Englanders, particularly Massachusetts colonists who had contributed the most to the expedition (in terms of funding and personnel). The British government eventually acknowledged Massachusetts' effort with a payment of £180,000 after the war. The province used this money to retire its devalued paper currency.
 
The peace treaty, which restored all colonial borders to their pre-war status, did little to end the lingering enmity between France, Britain, and their respective colonies, nor did it resolve any territorial disputes. Tensions remained in both North America and Europe. They broke out again in 1754, with the start of the French and Indian War in North America, which spread to Europe two years later as the Seven Years' War. Between 1749 and 1755 in Acadia and Nova Scotia, the fighting continued in Father Le Loutre's War.
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