US History timeline & concept chart: 16th-18th centuries (to 1754) British-American colonies

US History timeline & concept chart: American colonies 17th & mid-18th centuries

article under construction

Objective:

• covering regional, economic, and demographic aspects of colonial expansion
• timeline up to the French-Indian War (1754)

• US History
• AP United States History

Previous timelines:

• US History timeline & concept chart: early North American colonization

Next timelines:

• US History timeline & concept chart: American colonies 17th & mid-18th centuries
• US History timeline & concept chart: French-Indian War to the American Revolution

section & table structure:

Colonial America growth

PERIOD / TIMELINE	Major Events, Concepts & Themes	Notes & connections: details of issues, concepts, themes & events
1578 Foribsher expedition to find Northwest Passage failed but spurred British interest in North America 1634 Maryland founded by Catholic George Calvart 1681, William Penn granted charter for Pennsylvania 1614 Tobacco 1st shipped to England 1642 English Civil War 1651 British Navigation Act 1676 Bacon's Rebellion 1692 Salem Witchcraft Trials	Population growth 1530-1680: 200,000 immigrants to colonies increasing diversity of migrants from England, Scotland, Ireland, Germany diverse origins, religions, and motives	BIG IDEAS DETAILS Tobacco John Rolfe planted seed from Trinidad in Virginia 1614 fist tobacco shipment to England spurred colonial projection 1634 Maryland founded by Catholic George Calvert, Lord Baltimore; granted by English King Charles I first prioprietary colony = owned and governed by an individual

Southern colonial economies & demographics

PERIOD / TIMELINE	Major Events, Concepts & Themes	Notes & connections: details of issues, concepts, themes & events
1660–1677 Governor Sr. William Berkely in office 1660s settlers encroach upon Indian lands along "Northern Neck" land between Potomac and Rappahannock Rivers 1666 colonists declare war upon Native Americans in Northern Neck region 1675-76 Bacon's Rebellion 1680s significant growth in slavery 1730s rice economy	cash crops plantation economy coastal elites Governor Berkeley backcountry farmers yeoman farmers Bacon's Rebellion slavery	BIG IDEAS plantation economy social/ economic stratification frontier settlements & conflict with Native Americans Bacon's Rebellion expansion of slavery by early 1700s VA & MD planters switch from indentured servants to slaves DETAILS cash crops: tobacco in NC, VA and MD rice/ indigo in SC plantation economy increasing use of slaves demographics stratification of southern society Southern gentry large estates gentry lifestyle, including hunting, horse racing, gambling, dancing coastal or Tidewater elites based on plantations and ports indentured servants and "backcountry" farmers: half of indentures servants died in colonies before earning freedom yoeman farmers owned their land, engaged in subsistence farming many former servants become tenent farmers (rent not land ownership) due to costs of land surveys, fees, farming equipment & animals, etc. general trend is towards small-farm ownership and westward expansion in search for new lands to farm rice economy 1730 Parliament removed rice from mercantalist restrictions, freeing sale directly to other nations rice economy rose/fell with wars when price was high benefited freeholders and not large plantations Bacon's rebellion background: Governor Sr. William Berkely controlled House of Burgesses via political patronage and favors among elites exempted himself and ruling "governor council" members from taxes restricted right to vote to property ownership (cut vote rolls by half) growing conflict with Native Americans over colonial encroachment on frontier lands 1675 war between Native Americans and frontier settlers coastal elites did not want war with Indians Nathaniel Bacon = wealthy landowner, buys frontier land, attacked by Indians member of the governor's council but sides with frontier farmers on war with Native Americans Bacon leads his own militia to fight Native Americans Gov Berkeley calls for new election but new legislators back Bacon and authorize militia known as "Bacon's Laws" also restores vote to all free men and removed Berkeley's tax exemptions Bacon still opposes Berkeley regime, with small army takes over capital at Jamestown and charges Berkeley with corruption Berkeley flees, raises his own army and battles Bacon's army Bacon escapes but dies while hiding in a swamp and his army disintegrate

Colonial slavery

PERIOD / TIMELINE	Major Events, Concepts & Themes	Notes & connections: details of issues, concepts, themes & events
1619 first Africans colonial America 1638 Maryland legally recognizes slavery 1705 Virginia slave code enacted	subtitle	BIG IDEAS DETAILS 1619: first African slaves brought to British colonies by Dutch merchants British entry to slave trade via Royal African Company (1672) 1680s growth in central / south colonies slavery & slave culture growth in slavery in 1680s after Bacon's rebellion wealthy planters increased reliance on slaves instead of indentured servants expanding frontiers, especially in Pennsylvania, had diminished flow of indentured servants increase in transatlantic slave trade, including by British under the Royal African Company starting 1672 slave culture maintain oral traditions, songs mixture of African and colonial cultures

New England colonial expansion

PERIOD / TIMELINE	Major Events, Concepts & Themes	Notes & connections: details of issues, concepts, themes & events
	subtitle	BIG IDEAS coastal economy townships frontier Indian Wars DETAILS coastal economy King George's War spurred adventurism and privateerism >> see Taylor on 1/4th of Boston freeman had ownership of a ship

central colonies

PERIOD / TIMELINE	Major Events, Concepts & Themes	Notes & connections: details of issues, concepts, themes & events
	subtitle	BIG IDEAS DETAILS PA land >> = decline in indentured servitude Quakers During King George's war European demand for food due to war and poor harvests increased demand for grain Chesapeake region conversion to diverse crops tobacco still largest export growth in central coast ports, especially Baltimore

French & Indian wars

PERIOD / TIMELINE	Major Events, Concepts & Themes	Notes & connections: details of issues, concepts, themes & events
1688–1697 King William's War 1702–1713 Queen Anne's War 1744–1748 King George's War French-Indian War	to be covered in next Timeline & Concepts chart	BIG IDEAS American colonial expansion rising population frontier opportunities for small farmers, especially in New England French & Indian Wars in French known as "Intercolonial wars" part of various European "dynastic wars" King William's War 1688–1697 Queen Anne's War 1702–1713 King George's War French-Indian War DETAILS New France New France was divided into three entities: Acadia on the Atlantic coast; Canada along the Saint Lawrence River and up to the Great Lakes; and Louisiana from the Great Lakes to the Gulf of Mexico, along the Mississippi River.[14] The French population amounted to 14,000 in 1689.[14] Although the French were vastly outnumbered, they were more politically unified and contained a disproportionate number of adult males with military backgrounds.[12] Realizing their numerical inferiority, they developed good relationships with the indigenous peoples in order to multiply their forces and made effective use of hit-and-run tactics.[12] War Timeline Colonial name European name Consequence 1688–1697 King William's War War of the Grand Alliance War of the League of Augsburg Nine Years' War started due to New England expansion into Acadia, a region of New France France aligned Wabanaki Confederacy opposed colonialists and their allied Iroquois Confederacy wiki: The Iroquois dominated the economically important Great Lakes fur trade and had been in conflict with New France since 1680.[15]:43 At the urging of New England, the Iroquois interrupted the trade between New France and the western tribes. In retaliation, New France raided Seneca lands of western New York. In turn, New England supported the Iroquois in attacking New France, which they did by raiding Lachine. also konwn as Second Indian War resulted in no changes in British of French colonial territories Wabanaki Confederacy" held off colonial American attempts to expand into southern Main 1702–1713 Queen Anne's War War of the Spanish Succession 1744–1748 King George's War War of the Austrian Succession energized New England ship building industry adventurism / privateers & investments in expeditions on Spanish ships & possessions in Caribbean European demand for food due to war and poor harvests increased demand for grain & rice 1754–1763 French-Indian War Seven Years' War notes to sort through from wikipeida; Father Le Loutre’s War Father Le Loutre's War (1749–1755), also known as the Indian War, the Micmac War and the Anglo-Micmac War, took place between King George's War and the French and Indian War in Acadia and Nova Scotia.[c] On one side of the conflict, the British and New England colonists were led by British Officer Charles Lawrence and New England Ranger John Gorham. On the other side, Father Jean-Louis Le Loutre led the Mi'kmaq and the Acadia militia in guerrilla warfare against settlers and British forces.[10] (At the outbreak of the war there were an estimated 2500 Mi'kmaq and 12,000 Acadians in the region.)[11] While the British captured Port Royal in 1710, the Mi'kmaq and Acadians continued to contain the British in settlements at Port Royal and Canso. The rest of the colony was in the control of the Catholic Mi'kmaq and Acadians. About forty years later, the British made a concerted effort to settle Protestants in the region and to establish military control over all of Nova Scotia and present-day New Brunswick, igniting armed response from Acadians in Father Le Loutre's War. The British settled 3,229 people in Halifax during the first years. This exceeded the number of Mi'kmaq in the entire region and was seen as a threat to the traditional occupiers of the land.[d] The Mi'kmaq and some Acadians resisted the arrival of these Protestant settlers. The war caused unprecedented upheaval in the area. Atlantic Canada witnessed more population movements, more fortification construction, and more troop allocations than ever before.[12] Twenty-four conflicts were recorded during the war (battles, raids, skirmishes), thirteen of which were Mi'kmaq and Acadian raids on the capital region Halifax/Dartmouth. As typical of frontier warfare, many additional conflicts were unrecorded. Acadian resistance to British-rule in Acadia began after Queen Anne's War, with the signing of the Treaty of Portsmouth in 1713. The treaty saw the French cede portions of New France to the British, including the Hudson Bay region, Newfoundland, and peninsular Acadia. Acadians had previously supported the French in three conflicts known as the French and Indian Wars. Acadians joined French privateer Pierre Maisonnat dit Baptiste as crew members in his victories over many British vessels during King William's War. After the Siege of Pemaquid, Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville led a force of 124 Canadians, Acadians, Mi'kmaq and Abenaki in the Avalon Peninsula Campaign. They destroyed almost every British settlement in Newfoundland, killed more than 100 British and captured many more. They deported almost 500 British colonists to England or France.[14] With demands for an unconditional oath, the British fortification of Nova Scotia, and the support of French policy, a significant number of Acadians made a stand against the British. On 18 September 1749, a document was delivered to Edward Cornwallis signed by a total of 1000 Acadians, with representatives from all the major centres. The document stated that they would leave the country before they would sign an unconditional oath.[31] Cornwallis continued to press for the unconditional oath rejecting their Christian Catholic Faith and accepting the Protestant Anglican Church with a deadline of 25 October. In response, hundreds of Acadians were deported by the British with the confiscation of their homes, their lands and their cattle. The deportation of the Acadians by the British involved almost half of the total Acadian population of Nova Scotia. The expulsion was brutal often separating children from their families. The leader of the Exodus was Father Jean-Louis Le Loutre, whom the British gave the code name "Moses".[32] Historian Micheline Johnson described Le Loutre as "the soul of the Acadian resistance."[2] 1675–1678 King Philip's War The war is named for Metacom, the Wampanoag chief who adopted the name Philip because of the friendly relations between his father Massasoit and the Mayflower Pilgrims. The war continued in the most northern reaches of New England until the signing of the Treaty of Casco Bay in April 1678. Massasoit had maintained a long-standing alliance with the colonists. Metacom (c. 1638–1676) was his younger son, and he became tribal chief in 1662 after Massasoit's death. Metacom, however, forsook his father's alliance between the Wampanoags and the colonists after repeated violations by the colonists Native raiding parties attacked homesteads and villages throughout Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, and Maine over the next six months, and the Colonial militia retaliated. The war was the greatest calamity in seventeenth-century New England and is considered by many to be the deadliest war in Colonial American history The war was the greatest calamity in seventeenth-century New England and is considered by many to be the deadliest war in Colonial American history.[9] In the space of little more than a year, 12 of the region's towns were destroyed and many more were damaged, the economy of Plymouth and Rhode Island Colonies was all but ruined and their population was decimated, losing one-tenth of all men available for military service.[10][a] More than half of New England's towns were attacked by Natives.[12] Hundreds of Wampanoags and their allies were publicly executed or enslaved, and the Wampanoags were left effectively landless.[13] King Philip's War began the development of an independent American identity. The New England colonists faced their enemies without support from any European government or military, and this began to give them a group identity separate and distinct from Britain.[14] Wabanaki Confederacy,. 1680s The Passamaquoddy wampum records describe that there were once fourteen tribes along with many bands that were once part of the Confederation.[1]:117 Native tribes like that of the Norridgewock, Etchemin, and Canibas, through massacres, tribal consolidation, and ethnic label shifting were absorbed into the five larger national identities. Members of the Wabanaki Confederacy, the Wabanaki, are in and named for the area which they call Wabanakik ("Dawnland"), roughly the area that became the French colony of Acadia.[2][3] It is made up of most of present-day Maine in the United States, and New Brunswick, mainland Nova Scotia, Cape Breton Island, Prince Edward Island and some of Quebec south of the St. Lawrence River, Anticosti, and Newfoundland in Canada. The Western Abenaki live on lands in Quebec as well as New Hampshire, Vermont, and Massachusetts of the United States.[4] Queen Anne's War From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigationJump to search Queen Anne's War Part of the War of the Spanish Succession and the Indian Wars QueenAnnesWarBefore.svg Map of European colonies in America, 1702 Date 1702–1713 (11 years) Location North America Result British victory Treaty of Utrecht Treaty of Portsmouth (1713) Territorial changes France cedes to Britain the control of Acadia, Newfoundland, Hudson Bay, and Saint Kitts Belligerents France New France Spain Spain loyal to Philip V Spain New Spain Wabanaki Confederacy Caughnawaga Mohawk Choctaw Timucua Apalachee Natchez England (before 1707) Kingdom of England British America Great Britain (after 1707) British America Muscogee (Creek) Chickasaw Yamasee Iroquois Confederacy Commanders and leaders José de Zúñiga y la Cerda Daniel d'Auger de Subercase Philippe de Rigaud Vaudreuil Father Sebastian Rale Jean-Baptiste Hertel de Rouville Joseph Dudley James Moore Francis Nicholson Hovenden Walker Benjamin Church Teganissorens vte War of the Spanish Succession: North America vte Spanish colonial campaigns Part of a series on the History of New Spain Flag of Cross of Burgundy.svg Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire Spanish conquest of Guatemala Spanish conquest of Yucatán Spanish conquest of Petén Spanish conquest of the Maya Columbian Exchange History of the Philippines (1521–1898) Piracy in the Caribbean Spanish missions in the Americas Queen Anne's War Bourbon Reforms Spanish–Moro conflict Spanish American wars of independence Casta Mexican Independence War vte Queen Anne's War (1702–1713) was the second in a series of French and Indian Wars fought in North America involving the colonial empires of Great Britain, France, and Spain; it took place during the reign of Anne, Queen of Great Britain. In Europe, it is generally viewed as the American theater of the War of the Spanish Succession; in the Americas, it is more commonly viewed as a standalone conflict. It is also known as the Third Indian War[1] or as the Second Intercolonial War in France.[2] The war broke out in 1701 and was primarily a conflict between French, Spanish and English colonists for control of the American continent while the War of the Spanish Succession was being fought in Europe, with each side allied to various Native American tribes. It was fought on four fronts: Further information on causes of the war in Europe: War of the Spanish Succession Philip of Anjou proclaimed as the King of Spain in November 1700. A dispute over his succession led to war between the Grand Alliance and the Bourbon alliance. When war broke out in Europe in 1701 following the death of King Charles II concerning who should succeed him to the Spanish throne, it was initially restricted to a few powers in Europe, but it widened in May 1702 when England declared war on Spain and France.[6] Both the British and French wanted to keep their American colonies neutral, but they did not reach an agreement.[7] But the American colonists had their own tensions which had been growing along the borders separating the French and English colonies, especially concerning boundaries and governing authority in the northern and southwestern frontiers of the English colonies, which stretched from the Province of Carolina in the south to the Province of Massachusetts Bay in the north, with additional colonial settlements or trading outposts on Newfoundland and at Hudson Bay.[8] The total population of the English colonies was about 250,000, with Virginia and New England dominating.[9] The residents were concentrated along the coast, with small settlements inland, sometimes reaching as far as the Appalachian Mountains.[10] Colonists knew little of the interior of the continent to the west of the Appalachians and south of the Great Lakes. This area was dominated by Indian tribes, although French and English traders had penetrated it. Spanish missionaries in La Florida had established a network of missions to convert the Indians to Roman Catholicism.[11] The Spanish population was relatively small (about 1,500), and the Indian population to whom they ministered has been estimated at 20,000.[12] French explorers had located the mouth of the Mississippi River, and they established a small colonial presence at Fort Maurepas near Biloxi, Mississippi, in 1699.[13] From there, they began to build trade routes into the interior, establishing friendly relations with the Choctaw, a large tribe whose enemies included the British-allied Chickasaw.[14] All of these populations had suffered to some degree from the introduction of infectious diseases such as smallpox by early explorers and traders.[15] King George's War (1744–1748) is the name given to the military operations in North America that formed part of the War of the Austrian Succession (1740–1748). It was the third of the four French and Indian Wars. It took place primarily in the British provinces of New York, Massachusetts Bay (which included Maine as well as Massachusetts at the time), New Hampshire (which included Vermont at the time), and Nova Scotia. Its most significant action was an expedition organized by Massachusetts Governor William Shirley that besieged and ultimately captured the French fortress of Louisbourg, on Cape Breton Island in Nova Scotia, in 1745. In French, it is known as the Troisième Guerre Intercoloniale or Third Intercolonial War.[1] The Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle ended the war in 1748 and restored Louisbourg to France, but failed to resolve any outstanding territorial issues. The War of Jenkins' Ear (named for a 1731 incident in which a Spanish commander sliced off the ear of British merchant captain Robert Jenkins and told him to take it to his king, George II) broke out in 1739 between Spain and Great Britain, but was restrained to the Caribbean Sea and conflict between Spanish Florida and the neighboring British Province of Georgia. The War of the Austrian Succession, nominally a struggle over the legitimacy of the accession of Maria Theresa to the Austrian throne, began in 1740, but at first did not involve either Britain or Spain militarily. Britain was drawn diplomatically into that conflict in 1742 as an ally of Austria and an opponent of France and Prussia, but open hostilities between them did not take place until 1743 at Dettingen. War was not formally declared between Britain and France until March 1744. Massachusetts did not declare war against Quebec and France until June 2.[2] The war took a heavy toll, especially in the northern British colonies. The losses of Massachusetts men alone in 1745–46 have been estimated as 8% of that colony's adult male population.[citation needed] According to the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, Louisbourg was returned to France three years later, in exchange for the city of Madras in India, which had been captured by the French from the British. This decision outraged New Englanders, particularly Massachusetts colonists who had contributed the most to the expedition (in terms of funding and personnel). The British government eventually acknowledged Massachusetts' effort with a payment of £180,000 after the war. The province used this money to retire its devalued paper currency. The peace treaty, which restored all colonial borders to their pre-war status, did little to end the lingering enmity between France, Britain, and their respective colonies, nor did it resolve any territorial disputes. Tensions remained in both North America and Europe. They broke out again in 1754, with the start of the French and Indian War in North America, which spread to Europe two years later as the Seven Years' War. Between 1749 and 1755 in Acadia and Nova Scotia, the fighting continued in Father Le Loutre's War. Dummer's War From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Father Rale's War) Jump to navigationJump to search Dummer's War Part of the American Indian Wars Death of Father Sebastian Rale of the Society of Jesus.jpg Battle of Norridgewock (1724): Death of Father Sebastian Rale Date 25 July 1722 – 15 December 1725[1] Location Northern New England and Nova Scotia Result Dummer's Treaty (preliminary 1725, final 1727) Belligerents New England Colonies Mohawk Wabanaki Confederacy Abenaki Pequawket Mi'kmaq Maliseet Commanders and leaders William Dummer John Doucett Shadrach Walton Thomas Westbrook John Lovewell † Jeremiah Moulton Johnson Harmon Gray Lock Sebastian Rale † Father Joseph Aubery[2] Chief Paugus † Chief Mog † Chief Wowurna vte Father Rale's War The Dummer's War (1722–1725, also known as Father Rale's War, Lovewell's War, Greylock's War, the Three Years War, the 4th Anglo-Abenaki War,[3] or the Wabanaki-New England War of 1722–1725)[4] was a series of battles between New England and the Wabanaki Confederacy (specifically the Miꞌkmaq, Maliseet, and Abenaki) who were allied with New France. The eastern theater of the war was fought primarily along the border between New England and Acadia in Maine, as well as in Nova Scotia; the western theater was fought in northern Massachusetts and Vermont at the border between Canada (New France) and New England. During this time, Maine and Vermont were part of Massachusetts.[5] The root cause of the conflict on the Maine frontier concerned the border between Acadia and New England, which New France defined as the Kennebec River in southern Maine.[6]:27,266[7][8] Mainland Nova Scotia came under British control after the Siege of Port Royal in 1710 and the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713 (not including Cape Breton Island), but present-day New Brunswick and Maine remained contested between New England and New France. New France established Catholic missions among the four largest Indian villages in the region: one on the Kennebec River (Norridgewock), one farther north on the Penobscot River (Penobscot Indian Island Reservation), one on the Saint John River (Meductic Indian Village / Fort Meductic),[9][10]:51,54 and one at Shubenacadie, Nova Scotia (Saint Anne's Mission).[11] Similarly, New France established three forts along the border of New Brunswick during Father Le Loutre's War to protect it from a British attack from Nova Scotia. The Treaty of Utrecht ended Queen Anne's War, but it had been signed in Europe and had not involved any member of the Wabanaki Confederacy. The Abenaki signed the 1713 Treaty of Portsmouth, but none had been consulted about British ownership of Nova Scotia, and the Mi'kmaq began to make raids against New England fishermen and settlements.[12] The war began on two fronts as a result of the expansion of New England settlements along the coast of Maine and at Canso, Nova Scotia. The New Englanders were led primarily by Massachusetts Lieutenant Governor William Dummer, Nova Scotia Lieutenant Governor John Doucett, and Captain John Lovewell. The Wabanaki Confederacy and other Indian tribes were led primarily by Father Sébastien Rale, Chief Gray Lock, and Chief Paugus. During the war, Father Rale was killed by the British at Norridgewock. The Indian population retreated from the Kennebec and Penobscot rivers to St. Francis and Becancour, Quebec, and New England took over much of the Maine territory.[13]