US History timeline & concept chart: 16th-18th centuries (to 1754) British-American colonies: Difference between revisions

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'''Next timelines''':
'''Next timelines''':
* [[US History timeline & concept chart: American colonies 17th & mid-18th centuries]]
* [[US History timeline & concept chart: French-Indian War to the American Revolution]]
* [[US History timeline & concept chart: French-Indian War to the American Revolution]]
* [[US History timeline & concept chart: U.S. History Decade-by-decade timeline, 1890s-1900]]


== Colonial America growth ==
== Colonial America growth ==

Revision as of 03:19, 12 May 2021

US History timeline & concept chart: American colonies 17th & mid-18th centuries

article under construction

Objective:

  • covering regional, economic, and demographic aspects of colonial expansion
  • timeline up to the French-Indian War (1754)

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Previous timelines:

Next timelines:

Colonial America growth[edit | edit source]

PERIOD / TIMELINE Major Events, Concepts & Themes Notes & connections: details of issues, concepts, themes & events
  • 1578 Foribsher expedition to find Northwest Passage
    • failed but spurred British interest in North America

  • 1634 Maryland founded by Catholic George Calvart

  • 1681, William Penn granted charter for Pennsylvania

  • 1614 Tobacco 1st shipped to England

  • 1642 English Civil War

  • 1651 British Navigation Act

  • 1676 Bacon's Rebellion

  • 1692 Salem Witchcraft Trials

Population growth[edit | edit source]

  • 1530-1680: 200,000 immigrants to colonies
  • increasing diversity of migrants from England, Scotland, Ireland, Germany
  • diverse origins, religions, and motives

BIG IDEAS

DETAILS

  • Tobacco
    • John Rolfe planted seed from Trinidad in Virginia
    • 1614 fist tobacco shipment to England
      • spurred colonial projection
  • 1634 Maryland founded
    • by Catholic George Calvert, Lord Baltimore; granted by English King Charles I
    • first prioprietary colony = owned and governed by an individual

Southern colonial economies & demographics[edit | edit source]

PERIOD / TIMELINE Major Events, Concepts & Themes Notes & connections: details of issues, concepts, themes & events
  • 1660–1677 Governor Sr. William Berkely in office

  • 1660s settlers encroach upon Indian lands along "Northern Neck"
    • land between Potomac and Rappahannock Rivers

  • 1666 colonists declare war upon Native Americans in Northern Neck region

  • 1675-76 Bacon's Rebellion

  • 1680s significant growth in slavery
  • 1730s rice economy

cash crops[edit | edit source]

plantation economy[edit | edit source]

coastal elites[edit | edit source]

  • Governor Berkeley

backcountry farmers[edit | edit source]

  • yeoman farmers

Bacon's Rebellion[edit | edit source]

slavery[edit | edit source]

BIG IDEAS

  • plantation economy
  • social/ economic stratification
  • frontier settlements & conflict with Native Americans
  • Bacon's Rebellion
  • expansion of slavery
      • by early 1700s VA & MD planters switch from indentured servants to slaves

DETAILS

  • cash crops:
    • tobacco in NC, VA and MD
    • rice/ indigo in SC
  • plantation economy
    • increasing use of slaves
  • demographics
    • stratification of southern society
  • Southern gentry
    • large estates
      • gentry lifestyle, including hunting, horse racing, gambling, dancing
      • coastal or Tidewater elites based on plantations and ports
  • indentured servants and "backcountry" farmers:
    • half of indentures servants died in colonies before earning freedom
    • yoeman farmers owned their land, engaged in subsistence farming
    • many former servants become tenent farmers (rent not land ownership) due to costs of land surveys, fees, farming equipment & animals, etc.
    • general trend is towards small-farm ownership and westward expansion in search for new lands to farm
  • rice economy
    • 1730 Parliament removed rice from mercantalist restrictions, freeing sale directly to other nations
    • rice economy rose/fell with wars
    • when price was high benefited freeholders and not large plantations


Bacon's rebellion

  • background:
    • Governor Sr. William Berkely
      • controlled House of Burgesses via political patronage and favors among elites
      • exempted himself and ruling "governor council" members from taxes
      • restricted right to vote to property ownership (cut vote rolls by half)
  • growing conflict with Native Americans over colonial encroachment on frontier lands
    • 1675 war between Native Americans and frontier settlers
    • coastal elites did not want war with Indians
  • Nathaniel Bacon
    • = wealthy landowner, buys frontier land, attacked by Indians
    • member of the governor's council
      • but sides with frontier farmers on war with Native Americans
    • Bacon leads his own militia to fight Native Americans
    • Gov Berkeley calls for new election
      • but new legislators back Bacon and authorize militia
    • known as "Bacon's Laws"
      • also restores vote to all free men and removed Berkeley's tax exemptions
    • Bacon still opposes Berkeley regime, with small army takes over capital at Jamestown and charges Berkeley with corruption
    • Berkeley flees, raises his own army and battles Bacon's army
    • Bacon escapes but dies while hiding in a swamp and his army disintegrate

Colonial slavery[edit | edit source]

PERIOD / TIMELINE Major Events, Concepts & Themes Notes & connections: details of issues, concepts, themes & events
  • 1619 first Africans colonial America
  • 1638 Maryland legally recognizes slavery
  • 1705 Virginia slave code enacted

subtitle[edit | edit source]

BIG IDEAS

DETAILS

  • 1619: first African slaves brought to British colonies by Dutch merchants
  • British entry to slave trade via Royal African Company (1672)
  • 1680s growth in central / south colonies

slavery & slave culture

  • growth in slavery in 1680s
    • after Bacon's rebellion wealthy planters increased reliance on slaves instead of indentured servants
    • expanding frontiers, especially in Pennsylvania, had diminished flow of indentured servants
    • increase in transatlantic slave trade, including by British under the Royal African Company starting 1672
  • slave culture
    • maintain oral traditions, songs
    • mixture of African and colonial cultures


New England colonial expansion[edit | edit source]

PERIOD / TIMELINE Major Events, Concepts & Themes Notes & connections: details of issues, concepts, themes & events

subtitle[edit | edit source]

BIG IDEAS

  • coastal economy
  • townships
  • frontier
  • Indian Wars

DETAILS

  • coastal economy
    • King George's War spurred adventurism and privateerism

>> see Taylor on 1/4th of Boston freeman had ownership of a ship

central colonies[edit | edit source]

PERIOD / TIMELINE Major Events, Concepts & Themes Notes & connections: details of issues, concepts, themes & events

subtitle[edit | edit source]

BIG IDEAS

DETAILS

  • PA land >> = decline in indentured servitude
  • Quakers
  • During King George's war European demand for food due to war and poor harvests increased demand for grain
    • Chesapeake region conversion to diverse crops
      • tobacco still largest export
      • growth in central coast ports, especially Baltimore


colonial wars[edit | edit source]

War Timeline Colonial name European name Consequence

1675-1763

"French & Indian Wars" include:

  • King Philip's War
  • King William's War
  • Queen Anne's War
  • King George's War
  • French-Indian War

BIG IDEAS

    • the colonial "French & Indian Wars" were part of various European "dynastic wars"
    • in French known as "Intercolonial wars"
  • all of these wars were largely result of American colonial expansion, including:
    • rising population
    • frontier settlement, especially by small farmers'
  • European political and religious dynamics deeply influenced British and French colonial interactions
    • as well as among and between the British colonies
1675–1678 King Philip's War n/a - independent of European conflicts or involvement
  • early Pilgrims & Wampanoag chief Massasoit maintained friendly relations
  • upon his death, his son, Metacom, accused colonists of violating agreements (land use)
    • led raids on Massachusetts, Maine, Rhode Island and Connecticut villages & settlements
    • colonial militia responded
    • considered the most deadly of all colonial wars
      • half of colonial towns attacked and 12 destroyed
      • 1/10 colonial males killed
      • 100s of Wampanaogs executed or enslaved
      • Wampoaaogs lands entirely lost to them
  • impact upon New England identity
    • war conducted without British involvement or support
    • created distinct identify and sense of independence from Britain
1688–1697 King William's War
  • War of the Grand Alliance
  • War of the League of Augsburg
  • Nine Years' War
  • started due to New England expansion into Acadia, a region of New France
  • France aligned Wabanaki Confederacy opposed colonialists and their allied Iroquois Confederacy
  • wiki: The Iroquois dominated the economically important Great Lakes fur trade and had been in conflict with New France since 1680.[15]:43 At the urging of New England, the Iroquois interrupted the trade between New France and the western tribes. In retaliation, New France raided Seneca lands of western New York. In turn, New England supported the Iroquois in attacking New France, which they did by raiding Lachine.
  • also konwn as Second Indian War
  • resulted in no changes in British of French colonial territories
  • Wabanaki Confederacy" held off colonial American attempts to expand into southern Main
1702–1713 Queen Anne's War War of the Spanish Succession
  • War of Spanish Succession over death of Spanish King Charles II
    • France and England wanted colonies to remain neutral
    • existing colonial border tensions were enflamed by the European conflict
    • included French, Spanish & British boundaries in
      • Newfoundland & Hudson Bay
      • Massachusetts & Maine
      • Carolinas
  • English colonial population 250,000
  • French & Spanish populations were negligible, relying mostly on Indian allies
  • outcome:
    • British take Acadia, Newfoundland, Hudson Bay, and Saint Kitts
1722–1725 Dumner's War

n/a - colonial war

  • not part of European dynastic wars
  • series of conflicts between New England colonials and Wabanaki Confederacy
  • William Dummer was governor of Massachusetts
  • fought mostly in Maine and Nova Scotia
  • source of conflict was ongoing British colonial settlements in Maine and (modern) Vermont
    • the Wabanaki Confederacy had not been party to French and English settlement of Queen Anne's War
      • and so did not adhere to the French-British agreement
  • outcome was that New England colonials took over most of Acadia (Maine)
1739 War of Jenkin's Ear

n/a - colonial conflict

  • not part of European dynastic wars
  • a Spanish commander sliced the ear of a British merchant captain
  • the conflict was largely in the Caribbean
    • British colonials from Georgia attacked the Spanish St. Augustine, FL in 1740
      • Spanish forces retaliated in 1742 with an attack upon the Georgia coast, which was repelled
    • the conflict did not involve the French, but did morph into the larger European conflict in the War of the Austrian Succession
1744–1748 King George's War War of the Austrian Succession
  • New England colonists organized invasion of Nova Scotia
  • led to heavy losses of colonial forces, 8% of males were killed
  • the war energized New England ship building industry
    • adventurism / privateers & investments in expeditions on Spanish ships & possessions in Caribbean
    • European demand for food due to war and poor harvests increased demand for grain & rice
  • conclusion of the war changed no boundaries and did not settle tensions
    • may be considered as contributor to French-Indian War of 1754
1754–1763 French-Indian War Seven Years' War to be discussed in subsequent timeline & concepts chart