US History timeline & concept chart: 1789-1860 Early Republic to Antebellum: Difference between revisions
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* 1800: Washington, D.C. opened | * 1800: Washington, D.C. opened | ||
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< | <big>'''BIG IDEAS'''</big> | ||
* Washington administration challenges & precedents | |||
* assertion of federal powers | |||
* Hamilton-Jefferson split | |||
* rise of political parties | |||
* Adams presidency | |||
* avoidance of war with France over the '''XYZ Affair''' & naval clashes w/ French ships<br><br> | |||
<big>'''National Debt'''</big> | |||
* Congress passed taxes to help pay Revolutionary War debts | * Congress passed taxes to help pay Revolutionary War debts | ||
** 1790 "Tariff of 1790" designed to reduce federal debt by taxing | ** 1790 "Tariff of 1790" designed to reduce federal debt by taxing | ||
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* '''Residence Act of 1790''' set location of Washington, DC in the South in exchange for national assumption of state debts from the War (principally northern states)<br><br> | * '''Residence Act of 1790''' set location of Washington, DC in the South in exchange for national assumption of state debts from the War (principally northern states)<br><br> | ||
< | <big>'''Whiskey Rebellion 1794'''</big> | ||
* Whiskey Act extremely unpopular | * Whiskey Act extremely unpopular | ||
* Washington asserted Federal power to enforce the tax<br><br> | * Washington asserted Federal power to enforce the tax<br><br> | ||
< | <big>'''Hamilton "Report on Manufactures"'''</big> | ||
* promoted activist Federal governance re. economy<br><br> | * promoted activist Federal governance re. economy<br><br> | ||
< | <big>'''European wars & domestic U.S. politics'''</big> | ||
* pro-British or pro-French sentiments | * pro-British or pro-French sentiments | ||
* political partisanship<br><br> | * political partisanship<br><br> | ||
< | <big>'''Washington Farewell Address'''</big> | ||
* warned against political parties | * warned against political parties | ||
* warned against "foreign entanglements"<br><br> | * warned against "foreign entanglements"<br><br> | ||
< | <big>'''Adams presidency'''</big> | ||
* avoided war with France | * avoided war with France | ||
* marked by severe political partisanship | * marked by severe political partisanship | ||
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* "Midnight appointments"<br><br> | * "Midnight appointments"<br><br> | ||
< | <big>'''Alien & Sedition Acts 1798'''</big> | ||
* restricted naturalization (citizenship) | * restricted naturalization (citizenship) | ||
* criminalized "false statements" | * criminalized "false statements" | ||
* allowed imprisonment & deportation of "dangerous" non-citizens<br><br> | * allowed imprisonment & deportation of "dangerous" non-citizens<br><br> | ||
< | <big>'''Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions'''</big> | ||
* state legislatures declared Alien & Sedition Acts unconstitutional | * state legislatures declared Alien & Sedition Acts unconstitutional | ||
* states rights & "strict construction" of Constitution | * states rights & "strict construction" of Constitution | ||
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=== Washington presidency, 1789-1797 === | |||
=== Washington presidency, 1789-1797=== | |||
* the reluctant President | * the reluctant President | ||
click EXPAND for excerpt from Washington expressing his reluctance to become president | click EXPAND for excerpt from Washington expressing his reluctance to become president | ||
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<pre>I should unfeignedly rejoice, in case the Electors, by giving their votes to another person would save me from the dreaded dilemma of being forced to accept or refuse... If that may not be–I am, in the next place, earnestly desirous of searching out the truth, and knowing whether there does not exist a probability that the government would be just as happily and effectually carried into execution without my aid."</pre> ([https://washingtonpapers.org/resources/articles/first-presidents-election-was-the-last-thing-he-wanted/ First President’s Election Was the Last Thing He Wanted (washingtonpapers.org)] | <pre>I should unfeignedly rejoice, in case the Electors, by giving their votes to another person would save me from the dreaded dilemma of being forced to accept or refuse... If that may not be–I am, in the next place, earnestly desirous of searching out the truth, and knowing whether there does not exist a probability that the government would be just as happily and effectually carried into execution without my aid."</pre> ([https://washingtonpapers.org/resources/articles/first-presidents-election-was-the-last-thing-he-wanted/ First President’s Election Was the Last Thing He Wanted (washingtonpapers.org)] | ||
Upon election in 1791, Washington wrote that he had give up "all expectations of private happiness in this world." (https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/george-washington-the-reluctant-president-49492/ George Washington: The Reluctant President (Smithsonian Magazine)]</div> | Upon election in 1791, Washington wrote that he had give up "all expectations of private happiness in this world." (https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/george-washington-the-reluctant-president-49492/ George Washington: The Reluctant President (Smithsonian Magazine)]</div> | ||
* Washington's primary goals: | * Washington's primary goals: | ||
** establish precedents for the office of the President, esp. regarding | ** establish precedents for the office of the President, esp. regarding | ||
*** manner, authority, establishing constitutional arrangements | *** manner, authority, establishing constitutional arrangements | ||
** establish and protect the powers of the executive branch | ** establish and protect the powers of the executive branch | ||
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* agreement between Federalists and Anti-Federalist in adopting the Constitution in 1789 | * agreement between Federalists and Anti-Federalist in adopting the Constitution in 1789 | ||
* BOR limits federal power | * BOR limits federal power | ||
** application of BOR to state laws comes in late 19th/ early 20th | ** application of BOR to state laws comes in late 19th/ early 20th centuries | ||
** = “incorporation” of the Bill of Rights | ** = “incorporation” of the Bill of Rights | ||
* Constitution was for the federal government only | * Constitution was for the federal government only | ||
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** laid basis for basic political/ ideological split | ** laid basis for basic political/ ideological split | ||
===rise of Political parties=== | === rise of Political parties ===\ | ||
* Founders used the term "faction" | * Founders used the term "faction" for aligned groups, whereas political parties have formal organziations and identies | ||
* arose in Washington's 2nd term based on existing political alliances and perspectives | |||
* Federalists: | * Federalists: | ||
** Adams, Hamilton | ** Adams, Hamilton | ||
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*** anti-national bank, states’ rights, interpret constitution strictly, pro farming, pro-French | *** anti-national bank, states’ rights, interpret constitution strictly, pro farming, pro-French | ||
===Constitutional interpretations === | === Constitutional interpretations === | ||
* '''enumerated powers''' | * '''enumerated powers''' | ||
** = powers specifically listed in Constitution | ** = powers specifically listed in Constitution | ||
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* various wars and clashes between European alliances centered around Britain and France | * various wars and clashes between European alliances centered around Britain and France | ||
=== Citizen Genet affair, 1793=== | === Citizen Genet affair, 1793 === | ||
* French government sent Edmond-Charles Genêt to the U.S. to | * French government sent Edmond-Charles Genêt to the U.S. to | ||
** build support for its cause | ** build support for its cause | ||
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** issued the '''Proclamation of Neutrality''' on April 22, 1793 stating the America was neutral in the French / British conflict | ** issued the '''Proclamation of Neutrality''' on April 22, 1793 stating the America was neutral in the French / British conflict | ||
===Jay's Treaty (or "Jay Treaty") === | === Jay's Treaty (or "Jay Treaty") === | ||
* Secretary of State John Jay negotiated a treaty with England that: | * Secretary of State John Jay negotiated a treaty with England that: | ||
** ensured US neutrality in British-French wars | ** ensured US neutrality in British-French wars | ||
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*** = establishing "'''executive privilege'''" | *** = establishing "'''executive privilege'''" | ||
==="Pinckney's Treaty" === | === "Pinckney's Treaty" === | ||
* formal name: "Treaty of San Lorenzo" | * formal name: "Treaty of San Lorenzo" | ||
* agreement w/ Spain provided | * agreement w/ Spain provided | ||
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Other concepts & terms: | Other concepts & terms: | ||
=== new States in 1790s === | === new States in 1790s === | ||
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* Kentucky (“western”), 1792 | * Kentucky (“western”), 1792 | ||
* Tennessee (“western”), 1796 | * Tennessee (“western”), 1796 | ||
=== Northwest Territories and Northwest Ordinance of 1787 === | === Northwest Territories and Northwest Ordinance of 1787 === | ||
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** '''Treaty of Greenville''' (1795) with the Western Confederacy, Native American Tribes led by the Delaware (tribe), formally opened the Territory to settlement | ** '''Treaty of Greenville''' (1795) with the Western Confederacy, Native American Tribes led by the Delaware (tribe), formally opened the Territory to settlement | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
! | ! | ||