Virginia and US History SOL map study: US expansion 1789-1959

Preparation for the state of Virginian SOL ("Standards of Learning") History test: US expansion 1789-1959

Content: timeline maps showing growth in territories and addition of new states

Purpose: to associate time, place and events

Early Republic, 1789-1820

1790s	US after becoming an independent nation acquired the lands between the Appalachian Mountains Mississippi River
	Organization of new territories between claims of existing states (former 13 colonies) federal territories created by Congress especially the Northwest Territory

Territorial growth & Mexican-American War, 1820-1860

Louisiana Purchase, 1803
1803: showing the Louisiana Purchase, territories West of the Mississippi and north of Mexican lands	bought from France (which took it a few years before from Spain) doubles the size the country expands US lands: west of the Mississippi north of Spanish territories (Mexico gains independence from Spain in 1821) the Louisiana Purchase leads to further western expansion by Americans including into Spanish territories (modern Texas)
Mexican Texas, 1827-1836 & Republic of Texas, 1836-1846 1828: showing re-organization of the Louisiana territory and Mexican lands 1836: Texas Republic (independence from Mexico) 1837: Texas expands territory into Mexico	US settlers pushed into Spanish / Mexican lands and gained independence from Mexico notes on Texas (not important for the Virginia SOL) American and Spanish settlers in Texas gained independence from Spain in 1821 creating, "Mexican Texas," a part of Mexico from 1821-1836 in 1836, Texas declared independence from Mexico and became an independent country, the Republic of Texas from 1836-1846 Texas was "annexed" (taken by) the US in 1845 and became a US state in 1846 these events were significant to the Mexican-American War, 1846-1848
Mexican-American War, 1848 1848: US after Mexican-American War 1849: Reorganization of territories seized from Mexico (Texas, now a state, is reduced in size)

Slavery maps, to 1865

Late colonial slave population per colony, 1770 Slavery in American colonies as of 1770	Slavery in the 13 American colonies just prior to the American Revolution slavery was legal in the British Empire (colonial empire) tobacco planting was a major reason for increase in slavery in Virginia, Maryland, and North Carolina cotton planting was the primary crop for slavery in South Carolina cotton farming is "labor intensive" (takes a lot of direct human labor) so, while cotton was grown and slaves were used to harvest it, it was still inefficient South Carolina also focused on rice and indigo (a plant for its deep color blue)
The Cotton gin and "King Cotton" Distribution of free and slave states, 1850	See this animated map timeline for expansion of slavery from colonial to Civil War period the 1793 invention of the "cotton gin" increased the efficiency of cotton harvesting and production (extracting seeds from the cotton fibers) also, new textile "weaving machines" in northern factories increased demand for raw cotton in the early 1800s, cotton production exploded, along with growth in the slave population throughout the early to mid-1800s slavery spread across the South west of the Mississippi River
1820 Missouri Compromise 1819: Free and Slave States jus before the Compromise of 1820 which admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state Missouri Compromise 36'30" line	Called the "Missouri Compromise," in 1820, Congress passed laws to admit Maine and Missouri as states the compromise was that Maine would be a "free" (non-slavery) state Missouri would be a slave state and no other slave states would be admitted above the 36'30"parallel (a latitude line, per the map)

Civil War, 1861-1865

Secession of southern states, 1861
Status of the states, 1861: * Dark Red = Slave states that seceded before April 15, 1861; * Red = Slave states that seceded after April 15, 1861; * Yellow = Union states that permitted slavery (border states); * Blue = Union states that had banned slavery; * Gray = Territories	Following the election of Abraham Lincoln as President, southern states "seceded" (left) the Union (the "union" of states under the Constitution) as candidate, Lincoln said that he would not end slavery, but he would oppose any further expansion of it following Lincoln's election, South Carolina became the first state to secede, followed by other states (marked in dark red on the map; the states marked in red seceded after Lincoln's inauguration) the "border" states of Maryland, Delaware, Kentucky, and Missouri did not seceded but primarily because they were occupied by the Union (northern) Army, especially Maryland

Continental expansion & overseas territories, 1865-1900

"Closing of the Frontier" - admission of western states
By 1896, New Mexico and Arizona were the last territories (not yet states) in the continental U.S. (the connected land mass of America)	Westward expansion followed post-Civil War industrialization, railroad building, and population growth with railroads connecting the entire country from coast to coast, the country was fully interconnected for travel (people) and trade (goods)
Spanish-American War, 1898 American territories and possessions, including the continental United States (the "lower 48" states), Alaska, Hawaii, Philppines, Puerto Rico, Cuba and the Panama Canal, approx. 1900	in 1898, the US attacked the Spanish colonies of the Philippines (Asia, Cuba and Puerto Rico (both in the Caribbean Sea) the goal of this war was to "liberate" those places from Spanish rule however, the United States kept Puerto Rico as a territory Cuba and Philippines later gained full independence from US occupation and rule