US History timeline & concept chart: 1900-1940: Difference between revisions
No edit summary |
|||
Line 408: | Line 408: | ||
Leads to Great Depression | Leads to Great Depression | ||
Stock Market Crash causes | |||
* over-speculation | |||
* overly optimistic investor reaction to strong economic growth in early 1929 (net profits of traded companies in first 6 months of 1929 rose 36.6% over same period prior year) | |||
* stock buying on margin (using borrowed money) | |||
* called "margin buying" | |||
* Oversupply of "winter wheat" over the winter of 1928-1929 led to drop in prices | |||
* stock prices reacted with a drop in June, 1929, but "stags" -- amateur investors" jumped in over the lower prices | |||
* speculation exploded | |||
* as of Aug, 1929, brokers loaned up to 2/3rds the stock price | |||
* more money was loaned for the market than the amount of currency circulating in the U.S. | |||
* meanwhile, wheat prices continued to decline | |||
* Average P/E ratio hit 32.6 n Sept. 1929 | |||
* "Circular money" or "trading" led to increase in prices without any real increase in actual funds or new inflows of capital (outside of loans) | |||
* "circular trading" leads to "speculative bubbles" | |||
* By mid-1929, autos, houses, steel and other production benchmarks commenced to slow or decline, as overproduction begam to impact inventories | |||
* part of the overproduction was caused by a drop in overseas sales due to the collapse in bond markets in Europe (banking sector) | |||
* 16% of American households had investments in stocks | |||
* In October, 1929, in response to a 1928 Federal Trade Commission (FTC) report on fraud and unfair trade practices among electrical companies, which were controlled by holding companies (trusts), Congress proposed legislation to regulate the public utilities industry; as a result, the sell-off commenced, forcing margin-buyers to cover loans by selling at lower and lower prices. | |||
* In August 1929, the Federal Reserve raised rates from 5% to 6%, which made it more expensive to take loans | |||
* as the market declined, a "liquidity crisis" followed, under which investors were unable to secure new loans or cover the value of existing loans, i.e., their portfolios were "not liquid" and could not be easily converted into cash without selling at lower and lower prices.<br /> | |||
* see https://time.com/5707876/1929-wall-street-crash/ | |||
- Hoovervilles: shantytowns of unemployed, named for President Hoover | - Hoovervilles: shantytowns of unemployed, named for President Hoover | ||
Line 427: | Line 448: | ||
=== subheading | === subheading | ||
* >>details | * >>details | ||
|- | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- style="vertical-align:top;" | |- style="vertical-align:top;" | ||
|} | |} |
Latest revision as of 23:44, 8 March 2024
US History timeline & concept chart: 1900-1940
Objectives:
- to help students to
- associate timelines with events, persons, themes & concepts
- associate presidents with timelines, themes & concepts
- identify timelines with BIG IDEAS across periods of US history
- find connections and common themes across US history
- easily find relevant details for larger comprehension
- to help teachers to
- quickly review US History content for lesson planning
- provide students with easy and complete reference source for US history
Click EXPAND for a note for mobile phone users
- these timeline & concept charts use tables in order to connect ideas, timelines, and major concepts
- tables are not mobile-friendly (they do not wrap to a single column)
- when these charts are complete, we will in the future convert the charts to mobile-friendly format as an alternative file
- we encourage you to use a tablet or larger monitor in order to see the charts here
Index
Page structure & format guide
U.S. History course pages:
1890-1910s: Progressive Era[edit | edit source]
PERIOD / TIMELINE | Major Events, Concepts & Themes | Notes & connections: details of issues, concepts, themes & events |
---|---|---|
|
BIG IDEAS
|
Progressive Era[edit | edit source]
Progressive issues/ agenda:[edit | edit source]
Progressive Era personalities[edit | edit source]
Progressive Era legacies[edit | edit source]
Progressivism and women’s suffrage[edit | edit source]
Progressive Era legislation[edit | edit source]
|
1900s: McKinley, (T) Roosevelt & Taft administrations[edit | edit source]
PERIOD / TIMELINE | Major Events, Concepts & Themes | Notes & connections: details of issues, concepts, themes & events |
---|---|---|
|
BIG IDEAS McKinley popularity high with strong economy and Spanish-American War victories<br
Taft presidency
|
=== subheading
=== subheading
=== subheading
=== subheading
|
PERIOD / TIMELINE | Major Events, Concepts & Themes | Notes & connections: details of issues, concepts, themes & events |
---|---|---|
|
BIG IDEAS subsection
|
=== subheading
=== subheading
=== subheading
=== subheading
|
1910s: Taft & Wilson administrations[edit | edit source]
PERIOD / TIMELINE | Major Events, Concepts & Themes | Notes & connections: details of issues, concepts, themes & events |
---|---|---|
|
BIG IDEAS subsection
|
World War I (WWI)[edit | edit source]
post-War peace agreements and peace efforts[edit | edit source]
U.S. radicalism in US[edit | edit source]
=== subheading
=== subheading
|
1920s: Wilson, Harding, Coolidge & Hoover administrations[edit | edit source]
PERIOD / TIMELINE | Major Events, Concepts & Themes | Notes & connections: details of issues, concepts, themes & events |
---|---|---|
|
BIG IDEAS subsection
|
=== subheading
1910-1920s Court Cases “Incorporation” of the Bill of Rights into state law Expanding federal jurisdiction over states - Supreme Court began to apply the protections of the Bill of Rights to state law > process called “Incorporation” > BOR originally applied only to federal government > 14th amendment opened door to “incorporation” > cases tended to be >> freedom of speech, especially regarding protests during WWI >> protections against illegal search and seizures Cases: - Schenk v. US: socialist agitator arrested for violating Espionage Act of 1917 that prohibited “interference” w/ War effort >> court ruled that some speech can be regulated if it endangers others (presents a “clear and present danger” such as “yelling fire in a crowded theatre”) 1920s Themes: - return to normalcy after WWI - economic boom - consumerism / consumer loans - technology spread, esp. autos, telephones, radio - women’s expanding roles in economy, politics - Great migration: black social & economic change - Economic boom - business oriented governance > Republican presidents reduced income taxes but kept tariffs, including to enact the disastrous Smoot-Hawley tariff, which was “protectionist” or “protectionism” > labor unions lost favor, growth of “welfare capitalism” under which businesses offered workers benefits in exchange for not forming unions or striking - consumer culture: > expansion of consumer credit fueled consumer purchases, esp: > automobiles, appliances, radios, suburbs growth > “labor saving devices” < freed women from many household tasks - Jazz Age: > flappers > jazz > “Lost Generation” writers: Hemingway, Fitzgerald, O’Neill Also: - Prohibition era > bathtub gin (home-made alcohol) > gangster era (Al Capone, rum runners) - Stock market frenzy > stock market crash, 1929 - restrictions on Immigration: Emergency Quota Act of 1924 - Scopes Monkey Trial: over teaching evolution 1929-32 Stock Market Crash of 1920 Leads to Great Depression Stock Market Crash causes
- Hoovervilles: shantytowns of unemployed, named for President Hoover - Bonus Expeditionary Force (protest in DC by impoverished veterans) - Dust Bowl - New Deal > “ABC” Agencies: created to respond to every aspect of life > see FDR for more > Workers Progress Administration (WPA): to put people to work, including artisans, artists, writers
=== subheading
=== subheading
|
1930s: Hoover & (F) Roosevelt administrations[edit | edit source]
PERIOD / TIMELINE | Major Events, Concepts & Themes | Notes & connections: details of issues, concepts, themes & events |
---|---|---|
|
BIG IDEAS subsection
|
=== subheading
New Deal Restoring confidence in banks and in America Federal intervention in economy Regulations, Social Welfare FDR administration “relief” and interventions > see Franklin Roosevelt in Presidents timeline New Deal laws included: > Emergency Banking Relief Bill (to stop panics), 1933 > Banking Act of 1933 >> authorized the > Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation to insure/ guarantee individual deposits in banks > Agricultural Investment Act (AAA) > Farm Credit Act > National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) >> which created the Public Words Administration (PWA) to build roads and other projects for employment and Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) to support similar programs in states >> under the NIRA, FDR seized control of the Tennessee Valley Authority (which built dams and electrical plants) > National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) > Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) - New Deal legacies: > Alphabet Agencies: federal agencies, many with abbreviations (AAA, CCC) that were created and led to huge federal increase in regulatory powers > Social welfare programs became permanent part of federal role in people’s lives > enacted much of the agenda of the 1900s progressives and 1890s populists WWII, 1939-45 US: 1941-45 Total Mobilization - Nye Commission of 1936: Senate investigation into arms sales by US companies that led up to WWI, including making bribes to foreign leaders, led to the: - Neutrality Acts (1935-37) > barred sale of weapons to nations at war > official US neutrality as war became inevitable in Asia and Europe > “isolationism” : anti-war sentiment === subheading
=== subheading
=== subheading
|
1940s (F) Roosevelt & Truman administrations[edit | edit source]
PERIOD / TIMELINE | Major Events, Concepts & Themes | Notes & connections: details of issues, concepts, themes & events |
---|---|---|
|
BIG IDEAS subsection
|
=== subheading
- U.S. preparation for war, including > Selective Training & Service Act, 1940: 1st peacetime military draft > Hollywood propaganda movies > Lend-Lease Act, 1941: authorized “loans” of military equipment to Britain > Atlantic-Charter Conference: Pres Roosevelt and British PM Churchill met to declare mutual agreement and goals for defeating Nazis - Pearl Harbor, Dec 7, 1941: Japanese attack on US Naval base in Hawaii led to U.S. Declaration of War against Japan and Germany - Internment of Japanese Americans, 1942 === subheading
WWII Home Front - total mobilization for war - civilian efforts to support military via rationing, “victory gardens” buying US gov bonds to finance the war - women and minorities apart of mobilization - Manhattan project: race to build the atomic bomb European Theater: v. Germany, starting in N. Africa, working up through Italy, then Normandy Invasion of France > Germany surrendered June 1945 after US closed in on West and Russians from the East Asian Theater v. Japan, starting w/ Pearl Harbor, loss of Philippines, then working up towards Japanese mainland via “island hopping” - Atomic Bomb, Aug, 1945 ended the war === subheading
=== subheading
|