US History timeline & concept chart: 1860s-1900: Difference between revisions
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== 1860s: Lincoln | == 1860s: Lincoln & Johnson administrations == | ||
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=== Rise of Lincoln’ political career === | |||
- Lyceum speech | |||
- Congress in 1840s (1 term) | |||
- Ran for Senate in Illinois v. Stephen Douglas | |||
- Lincoln-Douglas debates | |||
Lincoln stories: | |||
* tall, tall hat (kept papers in it) | |||
* grew up poor, rail splitter, learned to read | |||
* humor | |||
** “Nothing that’s not wrong with the rest of the world: I have 3 walnuts and each wants 2.” | |||
=== Election of 1860 === | |||
Lincoln | Lincoln | ||
Republican Party | Republican Party | ||
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=== subheading | === subheading | ||
* >>details | * >>details | ||
Lincoln position on slavery: no expansion but left where it was | Lincoln position on slavery: no expansion but left where it was | ||
>> but argued against slavery as unethical | >> but argued against slavery as unethical | ||
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c. Equal Protection for all citizens | c. Equal Protection for all citizens | ||
15. Voting rights for black men | 15. Voting rights for black men | ||
=== Johnson administration === | |||
* Swing around the | |||
* Tenure of Office Act, 1867 | |||
=== "Seward's Folly" === | |||
* Secretary of State William H. Seward (under both Lincoln & Johnson) | |||
** very powerful political actor, especially under Johnson | |||
* negotiated the '''Alaska Purchase''' (derisively called "Seward's Folly") from Russia in 1867 for $7.2 million. | |||
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** = competition will lead to the survival of the fittest | ** = competition will lead to the survival of the fittest | ||
=== Labor movements | === Labor movements & unions === | ||
* rights of workers | * rights of workers | ||
* strikes (and legality of them) | * strikes (and legality of them) | ||
* '''Knights of Labor''', started 1869 | |||
** to organized urban factory workers and demand better working conditions, pay, and prohibition on child labor (under age 14) | |||
* '''American Federation of Labor''' (AFL) | |||
** led by Samuel Gompers | |||
** denounced revolution and sought to negotiate with industry to raise wages and better work conditions | |||
** AFL restricted union membership to white men, mostly, excluding blacks and many immigrants | |||
* strikes & labor riots | |||
** '''Haymarket Square Riot''', 1886 | |||
*** labor activists set off bomb that killed police, turned popular support against labor | |||
** '''Homestead Strike''', 1892 | |||
*** steel factory strike put down by private army that killed several strikers | |||
*** Pinkerton Detectives: hired by factory owners to put down strikes, protect strike-breakers (“scabs”) | |||
** '''Pullman Palace Car Factory strike''', 1894 | |||
*** first national strike, when one strike was joined by others and rail travel was shut down - Labor movements split between: | |||
=== Populist movements: Grange & People's Party === | === Populist movements: Grange & People's Party === | ||
* hard v. soft money | * hard v. soft money | ||
* = gold v. silver | * = gold v. silver | ||
* Small famers want to pay debts in silver | * Small famers want to pay debts in silver | ||
* Wm J. Bryan: | * Wm J. Bryan: | ||
* “Cross of Gold Speech” | ** “Cross of Gold Speech” | ||
* as the national economy become more interconnected, railroads, markets, grain prices, etc. become local issues dependent upon national systems | ** as the national economy become more interconnected, railroads, markets, grain prices, etc. become local issues dependent upon national systems | ||
* as result, local interests organized into movements to defend the interests of farmers, especially, versus the railroads and industrial companies | ** as result, local interests organized into movements to defend the interests of farmers, especially, versus the railroads and industrial companies | ||
* key was debt: farmers wanted “soft money” (silver) debt instead of “hard money” debt (gold) | ** key was debt: farmers wanted “soft money” (silver) debt instead of “hard money” debt (gold) | ||
* silver arose as an issue because of huge mines discovered that led to flood of silver into the markets, inflating the price of silver (thus soft money) versus gold, which was more scarce and kept its value | ** silver arose as an issue because of huge mines discovered that led to flood of silver into the markets, inflating the price of silver (thus soft money) versus gold, which was more scarce and kept its value | ||
* '''Grange Movement''', starting 1867 | * '''Grange Movement''', starting 1867 | ||
* grew as “cooperatives” and political candidates to represent the interest of farmers | * grew as “cooperatives” and political candidates to represent the interest of farmers | ||
* Farmer’s Alliances: grew out of Grange and extended more into politics | * Farmer’s Alliances: grew out of Grange and extended more into politics | ||
* People’s Party: grew out of the Farmer’s alliances into a full political party | * '''People’s Party''': grew out of the Farmer’s alliances into a full political party | ||
** movement made up of small farmers mostly from the Midwest | |||
** 1892 election: Omaha platform called for silver money, government takeover of railroads and telegraphs, income tax, labor reform | |||
* '''William Jennings Bryan became Democratic party candidate in 1896, 1900 and 1908 | |||
** largely adopted the platform of the Grange/People’s party | |||
** Bryan: “Cross of gold” speech became famous argument for “soft money, ie silver | |||
** see 1890s: silver mines in CO & NV | |||
=== Reform movements === | |||
* women’s rights | |||
* urban reform | |||
* aanti-corruption | |||
* workplace reform | |||
* child labor reform | |||
* urban reformers, including: | |||
** Jane Addams and “Hull House” to help working mothers | |||
=== newspapers & “yellow journalism” === | === newspapers & “yellow journalism” === | ||
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** most Americans were against violence but many Americans did worry about the meaning and impact of social and economic changes going on around them | ** most Americans were against violence but many Americans did worry about the meaning and impact of social and economic changes going on around them | ||
** many Americans blame immigrants for the agitation | ** many Americans blame immigrants for the agitation | ||
* socialist party arose in 1894, but was less influential than other parties | |||
** led by '''Eugene Debs''' | |||
** wanted to overthrow capitalism | |||
* | |||
* | |||
=== subheading | === subheading | ||
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|| | || | ||
=== Panic of 1893 === | |||
* background causes | * background causes | ||
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** | ** | ||
=== Tariffs === | |||
* before the 1920s, most Federal revenue was generated by tariffs | |||
* the tariff was a deeply controversial and divisive issue across 19th and mid-20th century politics | |||
* Democrats were traditionally low-tariff advocates and Republicans, from the Whig tradition, advocated "protective tariffs" | * Democrats were traditionally low-tariff advocates and Republicans, from the Whig tradition, advocated "protective tariffs" | ||
** to "protect" domestic products against foreign competition | ** to "protect" domestic products against foreign competition | ||
** | ** '''low tariffs''' = pro-consumer, pro-importers (especially agriculture-based economies, exported crops and imported goods) | ||
** '''high | ** '''high tariffs''' = pro-industry, pro-local production; also called '''protective tariffs''' | ||
* Europeans used colonial possessions for home markets and protect themselves against competition via protective tariffs | * Europeans used colonial possessions for home markets and protect themselves against competition via protective tariffs | ||
* US industrialization amplified the debates | * US industrialization amplified the debates | ||
* '''McKinley Tariff of 1890''' | * '''McKinley Tariff of 1890''' | ||
** | ** explicitly protective tariff, raised rates 50% on average | ||
** McKinley, who would become President in 1897, was known as the "Napoleon of Protection" | |||
** the Tariff used the concept of "reciprocal" tariffs, which mean that certain items would be exempt from tariffs, such as sugar, coffee, and tea in order "to secure reciprocal trade" | |||
*** i.e. countries exporting those goods lower tariffs on American goods | |||
*** but the US could raise tariffs if that "reciprocity" was unmet | |||
**** note that "reciprocity" was negotiated but not enacted between the US and Canada in 1911 | |||
** the tariff became unpopular as it raised the cost of many goods | |||
** Republicans lost the House in 1890 and the presidency and the Senate n 1892 largely in opposition to the tariff | |||
* '''Wilson-Gorman Tariff, 1894''' | * '''Wilson-Gorman Tariff, 1894''' | ||
** US overseas trade led to more competition with Europeans across the world | ** US overseas trade led to more competition with Europeans across the world | ||
*** | ** Democratic-controlled Congress passed the tariff with lower rates than the McKinley Tariff | ||
*** imposed a 2% income tax to make up for lost revenue from lower tariffs | *** however, the Senate forced higher and protectionist rates that the House had passed | ||
**** the Supreme Court ruled the income tax | **** especially controversial was a tariff on sugar, which was blamed on the "Sugar Trust" (sugar producers) | ||
**** | *** President Cleveland allowed the bill to go into law but without his signature | ||
**** | **** he called it the product of "party perfidy and party dishonor" | ||
*** domestic sugar interests have up to the present influenced tariff laws for their own protection | |||
** the tariff imposed a 2% income tax to make up for lost revenue from lower tariffs | |||
**** in the landmark case ''Pollock v. Farmers' Loan & Trust Co.'' the Supreme Court ruled that the income tax was an "unapportioned direct tax" | |||
**** = not a "direct tax" since the income tax varied by income | |||
**** the Constitution required that a "direct tax" be equally applied to all citizens | |||
* | * '''Dingley Tariff of 1897''' | ||
** enacted during McKinley's first year in office | |||
*** he had run for president on a promise for a protectionist tariff | |||
** the Dingley tariff marked both the longest lasting and highest overall tariff in US history | |||
*** it was replaced in 1909 by the Payne-Aldrich Tariff of 1909, which was deeply controversial | |||
==== American imperialism ==== | ==== American imperialism ==== | ||
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** Cleveland refused to recognize American annexation of Hawaii | ** Cleveland refused to recognize American annexation of Hawaii | ||
** in 1898, the US officially annexed Hawaii as part of the settlement of the Spanish-American War (1898) | ** in 1898, the US officially annexed Hawaii as part of the settlement of the Spanish-American War (1898) | ||
===== Spanish-American war, 1898 ===== | |||
=== Spanish-American war, 1898 === | |||
* Cuban revolutionaries appealed to Americans for help for independence from Spain | * Cuban revolutionaries appealed to Americans for help for independence from Spain | ||
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*** agree that the US has the right to intervene in Cuba to maintain its independence and domestic peace (prevent a civil war) | *** agree that the US has the right to intervene in Cuba to maintain its independence and domestic peace (prevent a civil war) | ||
=== "Open Door" policy, 1899 === | |||
* McKinley's Secretary of State John Hay's memo declaring that all countries should be allowed to trade with Chiina | * McKinley's Secretary of State John Hay's memo declaring that all countries should be allowed to trade with Chiina | ||
* written in response to 1894 war between China and Japan over control of Korea | * written in response to 1894 war between China and Japan over control of Korea | ||
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|} | |} | ||
== Progressive Era == | == Progressive Era == | ||
* go to next timeline: [[US History timeline & concept chart: 1900-1940]] | * go to next timeline: [[US History timeline & concept chart: 1900-1940]] |
Latest revision as of 13:19, 17 June 2021
US History timeline & concept chart: 1860-1900
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Index
Page structure & format guide
U.S. History course pages:
1860s: Lincoln & Johnson administrations[edit | edit source]
PERIOD / TIMELINE | Major Events, Concepts & Themes | Notes & connections: details of issues, concepts, themes & events |
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BIG IDEAS
subsection
Rise of Lincoln’ political career[edit | edit source]- Lyceum speech - Congress in 1840s (1 term) - Ran for Senate in Illinois v. Stephen Douglas - Lincoln-Douglas debates Lincoln stories:
Election of 1860[edit | edit source]Lincoln Republican Party Southern secession Civil War Lincoln war measures (shutting down press, draft, keeping the border states)
Civil War economic impact North wins in war and economics Southern economy in ruins Republican policies enacted CIVIL WAR ERA CONSTITUTIONAL AMMENDENTS
subsection
subsection
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=== subheading
Election of 1860[edit | edit source]Lincoln position on slavery: no expansion but left where it was >> but argued against slavery as unethical = argues against slavery but not its abolition >> Southerners and northern abolitions don’t like Lincoln >> southerners assume he is against slavery >> abolitionists assume he is no strong on the issue - 4-way split election: > Democratic party split between north (Douglas) Southern candidates (Breckenridge) > the 4th candidate was a border-state, pro-Union, pro-slavery but anti-spread of slavery former Democrat, John Bell, who carried border states and Virginia > Lincoln won w/ mostly northern votes which gave him Electoral College majority = clear winner > South Carolina secedes, followed by others up to March 1861 when Lincoln took office Civil War: Lincoln's policies[edit | edit source]
=== subheading
Lincoln position on slavery: no expansion but left where it was >> but argued against slavery as unethical = argues against slavery but not its abolition >> Southerners and northern abolitions don’t like Lincoln >> southerners assume he is against slavery >> abolitionists assume he is no strong on the issue - 4-way split election: > Democratic party split between north (Douglas) Southern candidates (Breckenridge) > the 4th candidate was a border-state, pro-Union, pro-slavery but anti-spread of slavery former Democrat, John Bell, who carried border states and Virginia > Lincoln won w/ mostly northern votes which gave him Electoral College majority = clear winner > South Carolina secedes, followed by others up to March 1861 when Lincoln took office Lincoln positions during war - does not recognize secession - U.S. Gov will defend its properties > Ft. Sumter = 1st battle of the war, off coast of Charleston, SC - War is about UNION Meaning of the War - to Southerners: > felt they were defending Constitutional rights > considered the North the aggressors - to Northerners > many but not all were anti-slavery > to save the Union >> the question for Union: can a people rule themselves? (self-government) >> Europeans looked upon Civil War as demonstration that democracy can’t work Both sides started with enthusiasm for war and expectation that it would be short Slavery - Lincoln’s position was originally that slavery should not be expanded > but during the war, he used the issue as a wartime measure > he did not ban slavery in loyal border states >> to keep them loyal to the Union > Emancipation Proclamation was huge diplomatic victory, as it made the conflict about slavery, so Europeans could not support the South = Lincoln ended up using slavery as an issue to give purpose to the war Important Battles: - Antietam, 1862 = Union victory, gave Lincoln excuse to launch the Emancipation Proclamation (1862) > freed slaves in states under rebellion >> he previously abolished slavery in federal territories, including DC - Gettysburg, 1863 > along with losing control of the Mississippi River, Gettysburg ended the southern chances to win the war > Lincoln used battlefield for Gettysburg Address, needed a big victory for impact - Lincoln moves the meaning of the war from just preserving the union and self-government to equality and ending slavery (liberty) in Gettysburg Address Why north wins? - bigger population, bigger army - industrial base - strategies >> Annaconda strategy << to isolate the south by controlling the coasts and Mississippi River (accomplished by Jul 1863) Partisans: - many Democrats in north are anti-war (Esp. immigrant areas, NYC riots) >>critical of Lincoln’s wartime measures to block bad press Radical Republicans – block of senators who are strongly anti-slavery > criticize Lincoln for not doing enough - south destroyed - industrialization in north < ex,. Andrew Carnegie steel industry titan, gained fortune in Civil War - railroads expand: > transcontinental railroad > the country is more connected (markets, politics, economics) - urbanization - presidential powers enhanced > esp via enforcement of Constitutional Amendments and Civil Rights Laws - with the South in rebellion, the Northern states could enact legislation they had been unable to pass otherwise, including: - Transcontinental Railroad via the northern route (Pacific Railroad Act, 1862) - Homestead Act (1862) that gave 160 acres to “homesteaders” who agreed to stay on the land for 5 years (ie, not sell it) >> Morrill Land-Grant Act was part of this legislation: gave proceeds of federal land sales to states for building of state colleges - Confiscation Acts, which allowed for taking property of anyone in rebellion and freeing their slaves - Freedman’s bureau: to lease lands to freed slaves 13. Outlawed slavery 14. a. Citizenship for former slaves b. Protect “privileges & immunities” and “due process” c. Equal Protection for all citizens 15. Voting rights for black men Johnson administration[edit | edit source]
"Seward's Folly"[edit | edit source]
|
1870s Grant & Hayes administrations[edit | edit source]
PERIOD / TIMELINE | Major Events, Concepts & Themes | Notes & connections: details of issues, concepts, themes & events |
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BIG IDEAS subsection
subsection
subsection
subsection
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=== subheading
=== subheading
=== subheading
=== subheading
RECONSTRUCTION Northern occupation of South How to bring South back into union while protecting rights of freedmen? = northern army occupation of the South enforce Civil War outcomes = to enforce the amendments and civil right laws = to bring the south back into the union >> Lincoln’s 2nd inaugural address >>> goal is to end war and heal wounds Radical Republicans wanted to punish the South Compromise of 1877 - 1876 election disputed, sent to House for decision - deal cut to elect Hayes in exchange for removing federal troops from south, effectively ending Reconstruction End of Reconstruction - Segregation imposed by whites > “Jim Crow” laws restricted blacks’ rights - Klu Klux Klan gained power and intimidated blacks - sharecropping system grows: > poor farmers, black and white, had to pay rent to farm land and loaned money for seeds and tools at high rates >> indebted them to the landowners - Plessy v. Ferguson, 1883 > court case that created “separate but equal” rule that legalized segregation (until 1950s, when overturned by Brown v. Board of Education, 1954) > overturned Civil Rights Act of 1875 that prohibited discrimination in public businesses and facilities Western frontier Indian Wars Railroads connect to the West
Immigration drives urban growth Political Machines in northern cities Growth of cites, especially New York - rail and trolly networks lead to and through cities = growth - immigration explodes: pay better in the U.S. than home countries > chain migration leads to ethnic neighborhoods > “tenements” = multi-family housing > immigrants compete with blacks for labor - “factory towns” > poor living conditions, reliance on the factories - Political bosses used immigrants for votes to control city governments > “political machines” > bosses provided services to residents in exchange for political support > “Boss Tweed” = corrupt NYC mayor, 1870s, finally jailed in 1878 >> Thomas Nast drew cartoons criticized Tweed & corruption |
1880s .> administrations[edit | edit source]
PERIOD / TIMELINE | Major Events, Concepts & Themes | Notes & connections: details of issues, concepts, themes & events |
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BIG IDEAS subsection
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=== subheading
=== subheading
=== subheading
=== subheading
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1870s-1890s concepts, themes & trends[edit | edit source]
PERIOD / TIMELINE | Major Events, Concepts & Themes | Notes & connections: details of issues, concepts, themes & events |
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|
BIG IDEAS subsection
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close of the western frontier[edit | edit source]
Indian wars[edit | edit source]
Ghost Dance movement 1890[edit | edit source]
Wounded Knee[edit | edit source]
Urbanization[edit | edit source]
Industrialism[edit | edit source]
Monopolies & Sherman Anti-Trust law, 1890[edit | edit source]
Gilded Age[edit | edit source]
Social Darwinism[edit | edit source]
Labor movements & unions[edit | edit source]
Populist movements: Grange & People's Party[edit | edit source]
Reform movements[edit | edit source]
newspapers & “yellow journalism”[edit | edit source]
Women’s Suffrage movement[edit | edit source]
reform movements[edit | edit source]
anarchy, socialism, political agitation campaigns were common during this time
=== subheading
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1890s Harrison, Cleveland & McKinley administrations[edit | edit source]
PERIOD / TIMELINE | Major Events, Concepts & Themes | Notes & connections: details of issues, concepts, themes & events |
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BIG IDEAS US imperialism
US overseas expansion & imperialism
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Panic of 1893[edit | edit source]
Tariffs[edit | edit source]
American imperialism[edit | edit source]
Spanish-American war, 1898[edit | edit source]
"Open Door" policy, 1899[edit | edit source]
=== subheading
=== subheading
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Progressive Era[edit | edit source]
- go to next timeline: US History timeline & concept chart: 1900-1940