US History timeline & concept chart: 16th-18th centuries (to 1754) British-American colonies: Difference between revisions
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== British exploration and early settlements == | == British exploration and early settlements in North America == | ||
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* 1497 Cabot expedition to explore coast of North America | * 1497 Cabot expedition to explore coast of North America<br> | ||
* 1585 Roanoke colony | * 1585 Roanoke colony | ||
** fails; knowns as the "Lost Colony" | ** fails; knowns as the "Lost Colony"<br> | ||
* 1578 "Frobisher expedition" to find the Northwest Passage (route to Asia over Canada) | * 1578 "Frobisher expedition" to find the Northwest Passage (route to Asia over Canada) | ||
** failed but spurred British interest in North America | ** failed but spurred British interest in North America<br> | ||
* 1607-11 Henry Hudson explorations of Canada in search of Northwest Passage | * 1607-11 Henry Hudson explorations of Canada in search of Northwest Passage<br> | ||
* 1607 Jamestown settlement<br><br> | * 1607 Jamestown settlement<br><br> | ||
* 1614 Tobacco 1st shipped to England | * 1614 Tobacco 1st shipped to England | ||
* | * 1620 Mayflower sails | ||
* | * 1624 Virginia becomes a Royal colony & the Headright system started <br> | ||
* 1634 Maryland founded by Catholic George Calvert<br><br> | * 1634 Maryland founded by Catholic George Calvert<br><br><br><br> | ||
|| | || | ||
'''early British expeditions not successful because goals were to find gold & a route to Asia''' | |||
'''1609 Jamestown settlement was designed to find wealth and a route to Asia''' | |||
'''Massachusetts Bay Colony established for religious and not strictly commercial purposes''' | |||
'''British internal politics and strife led to absence of direct rule over the early colonies''' | |||
'''After English Civil War, British government sought more direct control over the colonies''' | |||
'''Failure of the 1686 "Dominion of England" meant that northeastern colonies remained mostly self-governing until 1763''' | |||
'''Concept of "Salutary Neglect"''' | |||
|| | || | ||
'''BIG IDEAS''' | '''BIG IDEAS''' | ||
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** his 1st expedition was unsuccessful | ** his 1st expedition was unsuccessful | ||
** the 2nd reached "Newfoundland", the easternmost point of modern Canada | ** the 2nd reached "Newfoundland", the easternmost point of modern Canada | ||
*** he may also have encountered Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia and/or Maine | |||
** a third expedition was organized in 1498 | ** a third expedition was organized in 1498 | ||
*** it was unsuccessful, and Cabot may have been lost at sea | *** it was unsuccessful, and Cabot may have been lost at sea | ||
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**** development of fur trade | **** development of fur trade | ||
**** competition with the Dutch for North American lands and fur trade | **** competition with the Dutch for North American lands and fur trade | ||
=== British governance of early colonies === | === British governance of early colonies === | ||
* up until 1763, Britain largely ruled the colonies indirectly | * only "Royal colonies" (such as Virginia) were directly governed by the British | ||
* otherwise, up until 1763, Britain largely ruled the colonies indirectly | |||
* events leading up to and after the English Civil War occupied British attentions outside of the colonies | * events leading up to and after the English Civil War occupied British attentions outside of the colonies | ||
** English Civil War | ** English Civil War | ||
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* the primary method of governance was through charters, grants and trade regulations | * the primary method of governance was through charters, grants and trade regulations | ||
** King James II's 1686 attempt to impose more direct rule of the colonies by revoking existing charters of most northeastern colonies into the "Dominion of New England" failed (see below) | ** King James II's 1686 attempt to impose more direct rule of the colonies by revoking existing charters of most northeastern colonies into the "Dominion of New England" failed (see below) | ||
** many large landowners of Chesapeake and southern colonies stayed in England | |||
*** = "absentee landowners" | |||
*** = those colonies were more directly ruled by British than other colonies in which the landowners were dominantly local | |||
==== Royal charters & mercantilism ==== | ==== Royal charters & mercantilism ==== | ||
* colonial reorganization | * colonial reorganization | ||
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'''DETAILS''' | '''DETAILS''' | ||
=== British colonial population growth & demographics=== | === British colonial population growth & demographics=== | ||
* 1625: 2,000 | |||
* 1775: 2.4 million | |||
* from 1530-1680 200,000 immigrants arrived to the colonies | * from 1530-1680 200,000 immigrants arrived to the colonies | ||
* of approx 500,000 European migrants to the American colonies before 1775, approx: | * of approx 500,000 European migrants to the American colonies before 1775, approx: | ||
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** 215,000 came as indentured servants | ** 215,000 came as indentured servants | ||
*** 75% of those were under the age of 25 | *** 75% of those were under the age of 25 | ||
**** most of the indentured children were related to the sponsor | **** most of the indentured children were related to the sponsor | ||
* demographic impact | * demographic impact | ||
** increasing diversity of migrants from England, Scotland, Ireland, Germany | ** increasing diversity of migrants from England, Scotland, Ireland, Germany | ||
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** 1630-1770s, 1/2 to 2/3rds of European migrants to the American colonies came as indentured servants | ** 1630-1770s, 1/2 to 2/3rds of European migrants to the American colonies came as indentured servants | ||
* see | * see | ||
** https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indentured_servitude#North_America | **https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indentured_servitude#North_America | ||
** https://web.viu.ca/davies/H320/population.colonies.htm | **https://web.viu.ca/davies/H320/population.colonies.htm | ||
=== Early British settlements of North America === | |||
* | * 1583 St. Johns, Newfoundland colony | ||
* '''Virginia Company of London''' aka the "London Company" or the "Virginia Company," 1607-1624 | * 1585 Roanoke colony ("Lost Colony") | ||
** original 112-121 colonists died, dispersed or were killed by Indians | |||
** had poor relationship with local tribes | |||
** a rescue expedition in 1590 found the settlement abandoned | |||
*** 1607 Jamestown colony | |||
*** established relations with local Algonquin tribes | |||
*** by 1617 only 351 out of the original 1700 English had survived | |||
*** 1617-1620 population grew to 1240 in response to tobacco farming | |||
*** relations with Indians deteriorated | |||
=== '''Joint-stock company''' === | |||
* = artificial entity to limit liability and distribute profits/losses across multiple ownership via “stocks” or portions of the enterprise | |||
* originated in order to distribute risk in dangerous/ uncertain ventures such as trans-oceanic trade or colonial enterprise | |||
* generally require legal authorization, esp. from monarchs in early modern Europe | |||
*'''Virginia Company of London''' aka the "London Company" or the "Virginia Company," 1607-1624 | |||
** 1624: abolished and Virginia became “crown colony” | ** 1624: abolished and Virginia became “crown colony” | ||
** Chartered by James I, actually a series of companies and colonial activities | ** Chartered by James I, actually a series of companies and colonial activities | ||
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** self-governed enterprise | ** self-governed enterprise | ||
** = possible source of democratic impulse among colonials | ** = possible source of democratic impulse among colonials | ||
* '''Headright System/Headrights''' | === '''Jamestown''', 1607 === | ||
* in 1606 three ships sailed for North America, landing at the mouth of the Chesapeake Bay in 1607 | |||
** 105 men and boys made it to Jamestown (1 died on the voyage) | |||
* purpose was to exploit resources of the "New World" | |||
** also with hopes to to discover a passage to Asia | |||
* settlement named for King James I | |||
* selected "Jamestown Island" the site because the Native Americans had abandoned it | |||
** the land was swampy and not suitable for farming | |||
** 1st settlements nearly failed, resupplied in 1608 | |||
* upon landing the voyage's Chaplain declared, | |||
** ''We do hereby dedicate this Land, and ourselves, to reach the People within these shores with the Gospel of Jesus Christ, and to raise up Godly generations after us, and with these generations take the Kingdom of God to all the earth. May this Covenant of Dedication remain to all generations, as long as this earth remains. May all who see this Cross, remember what we have done here, and may those who come here to inhabit join us in this Covenant and in this most noble work that the Holy Scriptures may be fulfilled.'' | |||
* the settlement was attacked by Indians within the first two weeks | |||
** led by John Smith, the English built a fort and engaged in trade with the Indians | |||
** only 40% of the English settlers survived the winter of 1607-08 | |||
*** had to trade for food from the Indians | |||
** some of the settlers were aristocrats who refused manual labor | |||
*** in 1608 Smith declared, "He who does not work, will not eat" | |||
* '''Anglo-Powhatan wars''' | |||
** English became enmeshed in Indian tribal warfare | |||
*** 1610: English attacked tribes, took hostages, | |||
*** 1612 tribal leader '''Powhatan''' arranged peace, married daughter to Rolfe | |||
*** Powhatan’s successor took anti-English position, led attacks | |||
***'''Jamestown Massacre''', 1622, Indians murdered colonials | |||
*** peace agreements by 1627-32, but English expansion westward continued, led to war in 1644, finally Treat of 1646 turned tribes into English subjects, Virginia Colony expansion | |||
=== Virginia "tobacco economy" === | |||
* while tobacco was grown by Native Americans, John Rolfe planted tobacco seeds from Trinidad in Virginia which were sweeter than the local variety | |||
* 1614 fist tobacco shipment to England | |||
* European markets demanded more tobacco | |||
* spurred colonial growth and migration | |||
* headright system enacted to bring more labor to the colony | |||
* headright system = land grant for settlers who paid for transport of indentured servants to the colonies | |||
* 1619 Virginia set the value of "high quality" tobacco at 3 shillings | |||
* 1642 tobacco became "legal tender" (official currency/money) | |||
* goods, services and taxes could be paid with tobacco | |||
* 1727 Virginia created "tobacco notes" or "tobacco receipts" | |||
* = official certificates or "receipts" representing a certain amount of tobacco stored in a government warehouse | |||
instead of exchanging actual tobacco, these "receipts" were used | |||
* see | |||
* <nowiki>https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/tobacco-money</nowiki> Tobacco As Money (Encyclopedia.com)] | |||
* Early American Colonists Had a Cash Problem. Here's How They Solved It (Time.com) | |||
* use of tobacco as currency led to great expansion of tobacco planting and overall economy | |||
* but also led to inflation of value of goods in tobacco (more tobacco needed to pay for goods) | |||
* the colony attempted to limit tobacco production in order to keep prices down | |||
* farms were burnt | |||
* quality of tobacco went down as farmers sought to produce more quantities | |||
=== '''Headright System/Headrights''' === | |||
* = grant of land to colonial settlers | |||
* first employed w/ VA colony, then Plymouth and others | |||
* the “great charter” 1816 established headright system | |||
* purpose was to populate, invest and procure labor | |||
* land grants up to 1000 acres prior to departure | |||
* in exchange for sending labor, usually indentured servants | |||
* offered land in the colonies in exchange for paying passage for someone to migrate | |||
* those people became "indentured servants" | |||
* = "served" their sponsor without pay for a certain period of time (typically 3 years) | |||
* 1 headright = 50 acres | |||
* sponsors living in the colonies received 2 headrights per passage (paying for 1 person to sail to colonies) | |||
* immigrants who paid for their own passage received 1 headright | |||
* immigrants who paid for another person's passage received 1 headright per passage | |||
* passage typically cost 6 pounds per person | |||
* this system incentivized passage of families as a single household (multiple headrights to one family) | |||
* headright system was mostly used in central Atlantic colonies | |||
* system was used must less in New England | |||
=== Colony of Maryland === | |||
* 1634 Maryland founded | |||
* by Catholic George Calvert, Lord Baltimore; granted by English King Charles I | |||
* first prioprietary colony = owned and governed by an individual | |||
* '''Fundamental Orders of Connecticut''', 1639 | * '''Fundamental Orders of Connecticut''', 1639 |
Revision as of 19:09, 25 October 2021
US History timeline & concept chart: American colonies 17th & mid-18th centuries
Objectives:
- to help students to
- associate timelines with events, persons, themes & concepts
- associate presidents with timelines, themes & concepts
- identify timelines with BIG IDEAS across periods of US history
- find connections and common themes across US history
- easily find relevant details for larger comprehension
- to help teachers to
- quickly review US History content for lesson planning
- provide students with easy and complete reference source for US history
Click EXPAND for a note for mobile phone users
- these timeline & concept charts use tables in order to connect ideas, timelines, and major concepts
- tables are not mobile-friendly (they do not wrap to a single column)
- when these charts are complete, we will in the future convert the charts to mobile-friendly format as an alternative file
- we encourage you to use a tablet or larger monitor in order to see the charts here
Index
Page structure & format guide
U.S. History course pages:
Article objectives[edit | edit source]
- exploration & colonialism motives & purposes
- role of domestic Britain conditions and choices in American colonialism
- especially religious & political conflict, population & economic growth
- regional, economic, and demographic aspects of colonial expansion
- timeline up to the French-Indian War (1754)
Protestant Reformation, European political and religious conflicts & impact on American colonies[edit | edit source]
PERIOD / TIMELINE | Major Events, Concepts & Themes | Notes & connections: details of issues, concepts, themes & events |
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Martin Luther & Protestant Reformation English Civil War Religious conflict & persecution as push factor on migration to colonial America
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BIG IDEAS
DETAILS Protestant Reformation[edit | edit source]
Church of England & Protestantism in England[edit | edit source]
Thirty Years War, 1618-1648[edit | edit source]
English Civil War, 1642–1651[edit | edit source]
Significance of English Civil War[edit | edit source]
English Civil War impact on American colonies[edit | edit source]
Glorious Revolution & English Bill or Rights & Tolerance Act[edit | edit source]
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British exploration and early settlements in North America[edit | edit source]
PERIOD / TIMELINE | Major Events, Concepts & Themes | Notes & connections: details of issues, concepts, themes & events |
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early British expeditions not successful because goals were to find gold & a route to Asia
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BIG IDEAS
DETAILS Early British explorations of North America[edit | edit source]
British governance of early colonies[edit | edit source]
Royal charters & mercantilism[edit | edit source]
Dominion of New England[edit | edit source]
Salutary neglect[edit | edit source]
click EXPAND for excerpt from Burke's speech to Parliament in 1775: “That I know that the colonies in general owe little or nothing to any care of ours, and that they are not squeezed into this happy form by the constraints of watchful and suspicious government, but that, through a wise and salutary neglect, a generous nature has been suffered to take her own way to perfection; when I reflect upon these effects, when I see how profitable they have been to us, I feel all the pride of power sink, and all presumption in the wisdom of human contrivances melt, and die away within me.” |
Early British North American colonization[edit | edit source]
PERIOD / TIMELINE | Major Events, Concepts & Themes | Notes & connections: details of issues, concepts, themes & events | ||
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British colonial population growth
Push / Pull factors
Joint Stock Company
Headright System
Indentured servants
Separatists (religious)
John Winthrop & "city upon a hill"
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BIG IDEAS
DETAILS British colonial population growth & demographics[edit | edit source]
Early British settlements of North America[edit | edit source]
Joint-stock company[edit | edit source]
Jamestown, 1607[edit | edit source]
Virginia "tobacco economy"[edit | edit source]
instead of exchanging actual tobacco, these "receipts" were used
Headright System/Headrights[edit | edit source]
Colony of Maryland[edit | edit source]
“IN THE NAME OF GOD, AMEN. We… Do by these Presents, solemnly and mutually, in the Presence of God and one another, covenant and combine ourselves together into a civil Body Politick, for our better Ordering and Preservation, and Furtherance of the Ends aforesaid: And by Virtue hereof do enact, constitute, and frame, such just and equal Laws, Ordinances, Acts, Constitutions, and Officers, from time to time, as shall be thought most meet and convenient for the general Good of the Colony; unto which we promise all due Submission and Obedience …”
click EXPAAND for Bradford's account of the cicada outbreak of 1633: "It is to be observed that, the spring before this sickness, there was a numerous company of Flies which were like for bigness unto wasps or Bumble-Bees; they came out of little holes in the ground, and did eat up the green things, and made such a constant yelling noise as made the woods ring of them, and ready to deafen the hearers; they were not any seen or heard by the English in this country before this time; but the Indians told them that sickness would follow, and so it did, very hot, in the months of June, July, and August of that summer."
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Southern colonial economies & demographics[edit | edit source]
PERIOD / TIMELINE | Major Events, Concepts & Themes | Notes & connections: details of issues, concepts, themes & events |
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cash crops[edit | edit source]plantation economy[edit | edit source]coastal elites[edit | edit source]
backcountry farmers[edit | edit source]
Bacon's Rebellion[edit | edit source]slavery[edit | edit source]>> to do
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BIG IDEAS
DETAILS
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Colonial slavery[edit | edit source]
PERIOD / TIMELINE | Major Events, Concepts & Themes | Notes & connections: details of issues, concepts, themes & events |
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subtitle[edit | edit source] |
BIG IDEAS DETAILS
slavery & slave culture
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New England colonial expansion[edit | edit source]
PERIOD / TIMELINE | Major Events, Concepts & Themes | Notes & connections: details of issues, concepts, themes & events | |
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subtitle[edit | edit source] |
BIG IDEAS
DETAILS
>> see Taylor on 1/4th of Boston freeman had ownership of a ship |
central colonies[edit | edit source]
PERIOD / TIMELINE | Major Events, Concepts & Themes | Notes & connections: details of issues, concepts, themes & events |
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subtitle[edit | edit source] |
BIG IDEAS DETAILS
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Colonial wars[edit | edit source]
War Timeline | Colonial name | European name | Consequence | |
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1675-1763 |
"French & Indian Wars" include:
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BIG IDEAS
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1675–1678 | King Philip's War | n/a - independent of European conflicts or involvement |
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1688–1697 | King William's War |
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1702–1713 | Queen Anne's War | War of the Spanish Succession |
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1722–1725 | Dumner's War |
n/a - colonial war
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1739 | War of Jenkin's Ear |
n/a - colonial conflict
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1744–1748 | King George's War | War of the Austrian Succession |
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1754–1763 | French-Indian War | Seven Years' War | to be discussed in subsequent timeline & concepts chart |