Indo-European word origins in proto-Indo-European (PIE) language
Indo-European = language group
Proto-Indo-European = the original language from which the language group is derived
Purpose:
- to identify common origins of Indo-European languages and language groups
- to recognize the commonality of these words through sound changes
- to help English-speaking students of European languages to recognize how those words are similar to English words, and, thus, enhance the foreign language vocabulary
- todo: create pages for Indo-European language, Grimm's Law, etc.
Proto-Indo-European word roots =[edit | edit source]
- Proto-Indo-European (PIE)
- proto = "early" or "before"
- thus "prototype" = an example of something before making the real thing
- Indo-European = a major language group that originated in central Eurasia and spread across south and southeast Asia and Europe and formed the basis of many modern languages
- word roots = "morphemes" that form a basic sound from which words are built
- proto = "early" or "before"
- PIE word roots
- consist of a single vowel and one or more consonants
- these roots form the core sound of a word
- they are not important to know, but it is important to know that PIE morphemes changed as the language spread
- cognate = a shift in the sound of a word that forms a different pronunciation and spelling of a word from that of the origin language
PIE grammar[edit | edit source]
verbs[edit | edit source]
- all descendent PIE languages follow common verb forms from the PIE
- native English-speaker students frequently learn verb forms while studying a foreign language
- see for these verb forms
common Indo-European words & their origins[edit | edit source]
PROTO-INDO-EUREOPEAN (PIE) | MODERN ENGLISH | OLD ENGLISH | LATIN / GREEK | RELATED ENGLISH WORDS | SPANISH | FRENCH | GERMAN | SANSKRIT |
Notes on languages: | = the combination of Anglo-Saxon, Old Norse, French, Latin & Greek words | Anglo-Saxon (Germanic) origins, prior to Old Norse (Viking) and French (Normans) invasions & influences | Language of Ancient Rome, thus "Romance languages" are derived from it (French, Spanish, Italian, Romanian) | Note that some words come to Modern English from PIE via Old English and others via Latin and Greek | Romance / Latin-based | Romance / Latin-based | from the Germanic language group, not-heavily influenced by Latin | * note: Sanskrit is the formal language from which Hindi, the most common language of India comes from |
Family, Kinship, Rulers[edit | edit source] | ||||||||
*méH₂tēr- | mother (t > th) | modor | mater | maternal, maternity, matrix, matter, material | madre | mère | mutter | mā́tṛ, mātṛ́ |
*pH₂tér- | father (p > f, t > th) | faeder | pater | paternal, patriarch, patrician, patriotic, patronage, patronize, expatriate, repatriate | padre | père | vater | pitṛ́ |
*ǵenh (give birth, beget) | gender (classification, male/female) | generare (give birth, beget) | genus (from Greek "genos") | cognate, congenial, congenital, degenerate, engender, engine, gender, general, genes, genesis, genealogy,
genitals, genius, genocide, genre, gentle, germ, germinate, homogenous, pregnant, progeny |
genre | género | Geschlecht | |
genh (to bear) | sibling | slbling ("sibb" for kinship, love) | germanus (= connected, relevant) | germane, humane, urban, urbane | frere (for sibling, brother) | hermano, hermana | geschwister | |
*bʰréH₂ter- | brother | bropor | frater | fraternal, fraternity, fratricide | hermano | frere | bruder | bʰrā́tṛ |
*swésor | sister | systir or sweostor | soror | sis, sissy, sisterhood, sisterly, sorority | hermana | soeur | schwester | svásṛ |
*suHnú-
I*su(e)-nu |
son | sunu | filius | affiliate, affiliation, few, foal | fils | hijo | sohn | sūnú |
*pau (little) | boy | impoverish, pedagogue, pederast, pedophilia, pony, poor, poultry, poverty, puerile, pupil, puppet, pusillanimous | ||||||
*dʰugH₂-tér- | daughter | dhuter | filia | from Latin filia:
affiliated, affiliation, |
hija | fille | tochter | dúhitṛ |
meryo, mari-, *mori- (young man/wife),
*(s)newdʰ-e-ti-s (to cover) and wedʰ- (to pledge, to bind) |
marry, marriage
nuptials and Wed/ wedding |
weddian (and weddung (wedding)
Note: "to marry" has Old French origins and not Old English) |
maritare (from "maritus" for husband)
nūptiālis |
marriage, married, marry
nuptials, connubial, nubile, postnuptial, prenuptial |
casarse
(related to "casa" for house) |
se marier | proto-Germanic: wadja;
modern German: hochzeit |
vadhū́ for "bride"
marya (for young suitor, i.e, young man who wants to marry) |
domo or domu | house | hus (for dwellng or shelter) | domus | hide, housing
domestic, domesticate |
casa | maison
(related to "mansion") |
haus | damas |
*H₂ner- "man, hero"
*wiH-ro- ("man") |
man | wer | ner, vir | hero, heroine, heroism
from vir: viral, virtue, virtuous, virtually, virtuoso, werewolf from "hom" = homage, homicide, hominid, from "man": command, demand, emanant, manage, mandate, mandatory, manicure, manor, manufacture, permanent, recommend |
hombre | homme | mann | vira |
*h₃rḗǵs (ruler) | king
ruler, rich (see peku under Animals for wealth) |
cynig, ric | rex,ndives (wealthy) | kingly, regal, regicide, reign, rich, rule | rey, rico | roi, riche | reich, konig | raj, raja |
*dyeu-(sky father) | god | Latin: Iu-peter (Jupiter)
dies (day) Greek: Zeu-pater (Zeus) delos (clear) |
adieu, adios, adjourn, deify, deism, deity, dial, diary, diet, dismal, divine, journal, journalist, jovial, per diem, sojourn | deva/ dyaus pitar | ||||
Pronouns[edit | edit source] |
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PROTO-INDO-EUREOPEAN (PIE) | MODERN ENGLISH | OLD ENGLISH | LATIN | RELATED ENGLISH WORDS | SPANISH | FRENCH | GERMAN | SANSKRIT |
egH₂ "I" | ||||||||
H₁me- | ||||||||
tu "you" | ||||||||
*wei "we"; *n̥s-mé, encl. *nos "us" | ||||||||
*kʷid, kʷod "what" | ||||||||
*kʷis, kʷos, kʷei/kʷoi "who" | ||||||||
Numbers[edit | edit source] |
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PROTO-INDO-EUREOPEAN (PIE) | MODERN ENGLISH | OLD ENGLISH | LATIN | RELATED ENGLISH WORDS | SPANISH | FRENCH | GERMAN | SANSKRIT |
*sem- | one | semen, seminal, | ||||||
*dwóH₁ , neut. *dwóy(H₁) | two | |||||||
*tréyes (fem. *tisres,[63] neut. *tríH₂) | three | |||||||
*kʷetwóres (fem. *kʷétesres, neut. *kʷetwṓr) | four | quart, quarter, | cuatro | quart | ||||
*pénkʷe | five | |||||||
*swék̂s | six | |||||||
*septḿ̥ | seven | |||||||
H₁ok̂tō(u) | eight | octopus | ||||||
*(H₁)néwn̥ | nine | |||||||
*dék̂m̥t | ten | decimal | ||||||
*k̂m̥tóm | hundred | cent (as in 1/100th), centennial, century | ||||||
Body parts[edit | edit source] | ||||||||
PROTO-INDO-EUREOPEAN (PIE) | MODERN ENGLISH | OLD ENGLISH | LATIN | RELATED ENGLISH WORDS | SPANISH | FRENCH | GERMAN | SANSKRIT |
*kerd- (heart) | heart | heorte | cor, cordis, credo (belief) | accord, core, cordial, courage, discord, record
from credo, credible
expressions from "heart" include "bleeding heart," "learn by heart," "heart-felt," "heart-shaped," "heart to heart", "heart-warming," "heart in the right place", "eat your heart out" |
corazón | coeur | herzen | hrd, hrdaya, hardi |
"ped=" (soil, ground) | foot (pl. feet) | fot | ped | foot: afoot, barefoot, flat-footed, foot (a measurement), football, footing foothold, footnote
ped (Latin): : biped, centipede, expedite, expedition, impede, impediment, pedal, pedestrian, pedicure, pod (Greek): antipode, cephalopod, ornithopod; also: impair, impeach, octopus, Oedipus, pajamas, pawn, pejorative, peon, pessimism, pilot, pioneer, podiatry, trapezoid, tripod, trivet, vamp |
pie | pied | Fuß (pronounced "foos") | pad/ padam |
*káput ~ *kap-wét-s "head | ||||||||
*dn̥ĝʰuH₂-, *dn̥ĝʰwéH₂ "tongue" | ||||||||
ĝ(o)nH₂dʰos "jaw, cheek, chin" | ||||||||
*ĝénu, ĝnéus "knee | ||||||||
*H₁dónt-, *H₁dn̥t- "tooth" | ||||||||
*H₃okʷ- "eye" | ||||||||
*k̂erd- "heart"; *k̂red-dʰē- "to believe" | ||||||||
*nas- "nose" | ||||||||
Animals[edit | edit source] | ||||||||
PROTO-INDO-EUREOPEAN (PIE) | MODERN ENGLISH | OLD ENGLISH | LATIN | RELATED ENGLISH WORDS | SPANISH | FRENCH | GERMAN | SANSKRIT |
ane
(to breath) |
animal
spirit |
animale
- living, breathing |
anemo-, anemometer, anima, animal, animalistic, animate, animation, animosity, animus, equanimity, longanimity, mangnanimous, pusillanimous, unanimous | |||||
*ék̂wos ("horse", "fast animal") | horse | hors (from proto-Germanic "harss" | equus | equine, equestrian
Whatever that connection, we get words from "kers-" that are associated with movement, including:
car, career, cargo, carriage, carry, cavalier, charge, chariot, concourse, course, corral, current, cursive, cursor, discourse, excursion, incur, intercourse, occur, precursor, recur "Hippopotamus" comes from Greek for horse, "hippo" as in "river horse" |
caballo (horse)
|
cheval (horse)
|
pferd (horse) | asva (horse) |
*gʷōus "cattle"[i][10 | ||||||||
*H₂ówi- "sheep " | ||||||||
*k̂won- (hound, dog) | dog | canine | ||||||
péḱu (livestock) | property | pecu | pecuniary, | |||||
*wl̥kʷos "wolf" | ||||||||
Food[edit | edit source] | ||||||||
PROTO-INDO-EUREOPEAN (PIE) | MODERN ENGLISH | OLD ENGLISH | LATIN | RELATED ENGLISH WORDS | SPANISH | FRENCH | GERMAN | SANSKRIT |
*médʰu "honey", "mead" | ||||||||
*tuh₂-ró-s "cheese"[1 | ||||||||
*séh₂ls "salt" | ||||||||
*péḱu "livestock" or "cattle" | wealth
(as from possessing cattle) |
eoh, fioh, feo, (fee) | pecū | fee, money, pecuniary, | pacu |
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