Indo-European word origins in proto-Indo-European (PIE) language: Difference between revisions

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{| class="wikitable"  
{| class="wikitable"  
| '''Proto-Indo-European'''|| '''MODERN ENGLISH''' ||'''OLD ENGLISH''' ||'''LATIN''' ||RELATED ENGLISH WORDS||'''SPANISH''' ||'''FRENCH''' || '''GERMAN'''
| '''PROTO-INDO-EUREOPEAN (PIE)'''|| '''MODERN ENGLISH''' ||'''OLD ENGLISH''' ||'''LATIN''' ||'''RELATED ENGLISH WORDS'''||'''SPANISH''' ||'''FRENCH''' || '''GERMAN'''
|'''SANSKRIT'''  
|'''SANSKRIT'''  
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|-
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|Anglo-Saxon (Germanic) origins, prior to Old Norse (Viking) and French (Normans) invasions & influences
|Anglo-Saxon (Germanic) origins, prior to Old Norse (Viking) and French (Normans) invasions & influences
|Language of Ancient Rome, thus "Romance languages" are derived from it (French, Spanish, Italian, Romanian)
|Language of Ancient Rome, thus "Romance languages" are derived from it (French, Spanish, Italian, Romanian)
|
|Note that some words come to Modern English from '''PIE''' via Old English and others via Latin and Greek
|Romance / Latin-based
|Romance / Latin-based
|Romance / Latin-based
|Romance / Latin-based
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| colspan="2"  style="text-align: center;"|
| colspan="2"  style="text-align: center;"|
=== Numbers===
=== Numbers===
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| *sem- "one, together"
| *sem-  
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|| semen, seminal,
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| *dwóH₁ , neut. *dwóy(H₁) "two"
| *dwóH₁ , neut. *dwóy(H₁)  
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| *tréyes (fem. *tisres,[63] neut. *tríH₂) "three"
| *tréyes (fem. *tisres,[63] neut. *tríH₂)  
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| *kʷetwóres (fem. *kʷétesres, neut. *kʷetwṓr) "four"
| *kʷetwóres (fem. *kʷétesres, neut. *kʷetwṓr)  
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|| '''four'''
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|| quart, quarter,
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|| cuatro
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| *pénkʷe "five"
| *pénkʷe  
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| *swék̂s "six"
| *swék̂s
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| *septḿ̥ "seven"
| *septḿ̥  
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| H₁ok̂tō(u) "eight"
| H₁ok̂tō(u)  
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|| octopus
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| *(H₁)néwn̥ "nine"
| *(H₁)néwn̥  
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| *dék̂m̥t "ten"
| *dék̂m̥t  
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| *k̂m̥tóm "hundred" < *dk̂m̥tóm
| *k̂m̥tóm
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|| cent (as in 1/100th), centennial, century
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| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | '''Body parts'''
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=== '''Body parts''' ===
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| *káput ~ *kap-wét-s "head
| *káput ~ *kap-wét-s "head
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| *dn̥ĝʰuH₂-, *dn̥ĝʰwéH₂ "tongue"
| *dn̥ĝʰuH₂-, *dn̥ĝʰwéH₂ "tongue"
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| ĝ(o)nH₂dʰos "jaw, cheek, chin"
| ĝ(o)nH₂dʰos "jaw, cheek, chin"
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| *ĝénu, ĝnéus "knee
| *ĝénu, ĝnéus "knee
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| *H₁dónt-, *H₁dn̥t- "tooth"
| *H₁dónt-, *H₁dn̥t- "tooth"
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| *H₃okʷ- "eye"
| *H₃okʷ- "eye"
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| *k̂erd- "heart"; *k̂red-dʰē- "to believe"
| *k̂erd- "heart"; *k̂red-dʰē- "to believe"
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| *nas- "nose"
| *nas- "nose"
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Revision as of 16:51, 17 July 2021

Indo-European = language group

Proto-Indo-European = the original language from which the language group is derived

Purpose:

  • to identify common origins of Indo-European languages and language groups
  • to recognize the commonality of these words through sound changes
  • to help English-speaking students of European languages to recognize how those words are similar to English words, and, thus, enhance the foreign language vocabulary
  • todo: create pages for Indo-European language, Grimm's Law, etc.

Proto-Indo-European word roots =[edit | edit source]

  • Proto-Indo-European (PIE)
    • proto = "early" or "before"
      • thus "prototype" = an example of something before making the real thing
    • Indo-European = a major language group that originated in central Eurasia and spread across south and southeast Asia and Europe and formed the basis of many modern languages
    • word roots = "morphemes" that form a basic sound from which words are built
  • PIE word roots
    • consist of a single vowel and one or more consonants
    • these roots form the core sound of a word
      • they are not important to know, but it is important to know that PIE morphemes changed as the language spread
    • cognate = a shift in the sound of a word that forms a different pronunciation and spelling of a word from that of the origin language

PIE grammar[edit | edit source]

verbs[edit | edit source]

  • all descendent PIE languages follow common verb forms from the PIE
    • native English-speaker students frequently learn verb forms while studying a foreign language
    • see for these verb forms


common Indo-European words & their origins[edit | edit source]

PROTO-INDO-EUREOPEAN (PIE) MODERN ENGLISH OLD ENGLISH LATIN RELATED ENGLISH WORDS SPANISH FRENCH GERMAN SANSKRIT
Notes on languages: = the combination of Anglo-Saxon, Old Norse, French, Latin & Greek words Anglo-Saxon (Germanic) origins, prior to Old Norse (Viking) and French (Normans) invasions & influences Language of Ancient Rome, thus "Romance languages" are derived from it (French, Spanish, Italian, Romanian) Note that some words come to Modern English from PIE via Old English and others via Latin and Greek Romance / Latin-based Romance / Latin-based from the Germanic language group, not-heavily influenced by Latin * note: Sanskrit is the formal language from which Hindi, the most common language of India comes from

Family, Kinship, Rulers[edit | edit source]

*méH₂tēr- mother (t > th) modor mater maternal, maternity, matrix, matter, material madre mère mutter mā́tṛ, mātṛ́
*pH₂tér- father (p > f, t > th) faeder pater paternal, patriarch, patrician, patriotic, patronage, patronize, expatriate, repatriate padre père vater pitṛ́
*ǵenh (give birth, beget) gender (classification, male/female) generare (give birth, beget) genus (from Greek "genos") cognate, congenial, congenital,

engender, engine, genes, genesis, genealogy, genitals, genius, genocide, gentle, germ, germinate, homogenous, pregnant, progeny

genre género Geschlecht
genh (to bear) sibling slbling ("sibb" for kinship, love) germanus (= connected, relevant) germane, humane, urban, urbane frere (for sibling, brother) hermano, hermana geschwister
*bʰréH₂ter- brother bropor frater fraternal, fraternity, fratricide frere hermano bruder bʰrā́tṛ
*swésor sister systir or sweostor soror sis, sissy, sisterhood, sisterly, sorority hermana soeur schwester svásṛ
*suHnú- son sunu filius filial, affiliate, affiliation fils hijo sohn sūnú
*dʰugH₂-tér- daughter dhuter filia from Latin filia:

affiliated, affiliation,

hija fille tochter dúhitṛ
meryo, mari-, *mori- (young man/wife),

*(s)newdʰ-e-ti-s (to cover) and

wedʰ- (to pledge, to bind)

marry, marriage

nuptials

and

Wed/ wedding

weddian (and weddung (wedding)

Note: "to marry" has Old French origins and not Old English)

maritare (from "maritus" for husband)

nūptiālis

marriage, married, marry

nuptials, connubial, nubile, postnuptial, prenuptial

casarse

(related to "casa" for house)

se marier proto-Germanic: wadja;

modern German:

hochzeit

vadhū́ for "bride"

marya (for young suitor, i.e, young man who wants to marry)

domo or domu house hus (for dwellng or shelter) domus hide, housing

domestic, domesticate

casa maison

(related to "mansion")

haus damas
*H₂ner- "man, hero"

*wiH-ro- ("man")

man wer ner, vir hero, heroine, heroism

from vir: viral, virtue, virtuous, virtually, virtuoso, werewolf

from "hom" = homage, homicide, hominid,

from "man": command, demand, emanant, manage, mandate, mandatory, manicure, manor, manufacture, permanent, recommend

homme hombre mann vira
*h₃rḗǵs (ruler) king

ruler, rich

(see peku under Animals for wealth)

cynig, ric rex,ndives (wealthy) kingly, regal, regicide, reign, rich, rule roi, riche rey, rico reich, konig raj, raja

Pronouns[edit | edit source]
egH₂ "I"
H₁me-
tu "you"
*wei "we"; *n̥s-mé, encl. *nos "us"
*kʷid, kʷod "what"
*kʷis, kʷos, kʷei/kʷoi "who"

Numbers[edit | edit source]
*sem- one semen, seminal,
*dwóH₁ , neut. *dwóy(H₁) two
*tréyes (fem. *tisres,[63] neut. *tríH₂) three
*kʷetwóres (fem. *kʷétesres, neut. *kʷetwṓr) four quart, quarter, quart cuatro
*pénkʷe five
*swék̂s six
*septḿ̥ seven
H₁ok̂tō(u) eight octopus
*(H₁)néwn̥ nine
*dék̂m̥t ten decimal
*k̂m̥tóm hundred cent (as in 1/100th), centennial, century

Body parts[edit | edit source]

*káput ~ *kap-wét-s "head
*dn̥ĝʰuH₂-, *dn̥ĝʰwéH₂ "tongue"
ĝ(o)nH₂dʰos "jaw, cheek, chin"
*ĝénu, ĝnéus "knee
*H₁dónt-, *H₁dn̥t- "tooth"
*H₃okʷ- "eye"
*k̂erd- "heart"; *k̂red-dʰē- "to believe"
*nas- "nose"

Animals[edit | edit source]

*ék̂wos "horse", "fast animal"
*gʷōus "cattle"[i][10
*H₂ówi- "sheep "
*k̂won- "hound, dog
péḱu (livestock) Property pecu pecuniary,
*wl̥kʷos "wolf"

Food[edit | edit source]

*médʰu "honey", "mead"
*tuh₂-ró-s "cheese"[1
*séh₂ls "salt"
*péḱu "livestock" wealth

(as from possessing cattle)

pecū pecuniary,


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