Indo-European word origins in proto-Indo-European (PIE) language: Difference between revisions
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|damas | |damas | ||
|- | |- | ||
| *wiH-ro- ("man") | | *H₂ner- "man, hero" | ||
<nowiki>*</nowiki>wiH-ro- ("man") | |||
|| '''man''' | || '''man''' | ||
|| wer | || wer | ||
|| | || ner, vir | ||
|| viral, virtue, virtuous, | || hero, heroine, heroism | ||
from vir: viral, virtue, virtuous, virtually, virtuoso, werewolf | |||
from "hom" = homage, homicide, hominid, | from "hom" = homage, homicide, hominid, | ||
from "man": command, demand, emanant, manage, mandate, mandatory, manicure, manor, manufacture, permanent, recommend | |||
|| homme | || homme | ||
|| hombre | || hombre | ||
|mann | |mann | ||
|vira | |||
|- | |- | ||
| *h₃rḗǵs (ruler) | | *h₃rḗǵs (ruler) | ||
|| '''king''' | || '''king''' | ||
|| cynig | '''ruler, rich''' | ||
|| reign, rich, rule, | |||
|| | (see peku under Animals for wealth) | ||
|| | || cynig, ric | ||
| | || rex,ndives (wealthy) | ||
|| kingly, regal, regicide, reign, rich, rule | |||
|| roi, riche | |||
|| rey, rico | |||
|reich, konig | |||
|raj, raja | |||
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|péḱu (livestock) | |||
|'''Property''' | |||
| | |||
|pecu | |||
|pecuniary, | |||
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|- | |- | ||
| *wl̥kʷos "wolf" | | *wl̥kʷos "wolf" | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|*péḱu "livestock" | |*péḱu "livestock" | ||
|cattle | |'''wealth''' | ||
(as from possessing cattle) | |||
| | | | ||
|pecū | |pecū | ||
Revision as of 16:38, 17 July 2021
Indo-European = language group
Proto-Indo-European = the original language from which the language group is derived
Purpose:
- to identify common origins of Indo-European languages and language groups
- to recognize the commonality of these words through sound changes
- to help English-speaking students of European languages to recognize how those words are similar to English words, and, thus, enhance the foreign language vocabulary
- todo: create pages for Indo-European language, Grimm's Law, etc.
Proto-Indo-European word roots =[edit | edit source]
- Proto-Indo-European (PIE)
- proto = "early" or "before"
- thus "prototype" = an example of something before making the real thing
- Indo-European = a major language group that originated in central Eurasia and spread across south and southeast Asia and Europe and formed the basis of many modern languages
- word roots = "morphemes" that form a basic sound from which words are built
- proto = "early" or "before"
- PIE word roots
- consist of a single vowel and one or more consonants
- these roots form the core sound of a word
- they are not important to know, but it is important to know that PIE morphemes changed as the language spread
- cognate = a shift in the sound of a word that forms a different pronunciation and spelling of a word from that of the origin language
PIE grammar[edit | edit source]
verbs[edit | edit source]
- all descendent PIE languages follow common verb forms from the PIE
- native English-speaker students frequently learn verb forms while studying a foreign language
- see for these verb forms
common Indo-European words & their origins[edit | edit source]
| Proto-Indo-European | MODERN ENGLISH | OLD ENGLISH | LATIN | RELATED ENGLISH WORDS | SPANISH | FRENCH | GERMAN | SANSKRIT |
| Notes on languages: | = the combination of Anglo-Saxon, Old Norse, French, Latin & Greek words | Anglo-Saxon (Germanic) origins, prior to Old Norse (Viking) and French (Normans) invasions & influences | Language of Ancient Rome, thus "Romance languages" are derived from it (French, Spanish, Italian, Romanian) | Romance / Latin-based | Romance / Latin-based | from the Germanic language group, not-heavily influenced by Latin | * note: Sanskrit is the formal language from which Hindi, the most common language of India comes from | |
| Family, Kinship, Rulers | ||||||||
| *méH₂tēr- | mother (t > th) | modor | mater | maternal, maternity, matrix, matter, material | madre | mère | mutter | mā́tṛ, mātṛ́ |
| *pH₂tér- | father (p > f, t > th) | faeder | pater | paternal, patriarch, patrician, patriotic, patronage, patronize, expatriate, repatriate | padre | père | vater | pitṛ́ |
| *ǵenh (give birth, beget) | gender (classification, male/female) | generare (give birth, beget) | genus (from Greek "genos") | cognate, congenial, congenital,
engender, engine, genes, genesis, genealogy, genitals, genius, genocide, gentle, germ, germinate, homogenous, pregnant, progeny |
genre | género | Geschlecht | |
| genh (to bear) | sibling | slbling ("sibb" for kinship, love) | germanus (= connected, relevant) | germane, humane, urban, urbane | frere (for sibling, brother) | hermano, hermana | geschwister | |
| *bʰréH₂ter- | brother | bropor | frater | fraternal, fraternity, fratricide | frere | hermano | bruder | bʰrā́tṛ |
| *swésor | sister | systir or sweostor | soror | sis, sissy, sisterhood, sisterly, sorority | hermana | soeur | schwester | svásṛ |
| *suHnú- | son | sunu | filius | filial, affiliate, affiliation | fils | hijo | sohn | sūnú |
| *dʰugH₂-tér- | daughter | dhuter | filia | from Latin filia:
affiliated, affiliation, |
hija | fille | tochter | dúhitṛ |
| meryo, mari-, *mori- (young man/wife),
*(s)newdʰ-e-ti-s (to cover) and wedʰ- (to pledge, to bind) |
marry, marriage
nuptials and Wed/ wedding |
weddian (and weddung (wedding)
Note: "to marry" has Old French origins and not Old English) |
maritare (from "maritus" for husband)
nūptiālis |
marriage, married, marry
nuptials, connubial, nubile, postnuptial, prenuptial |
casarse
(related to "casa" for house) |
se marier | proto-Germanic: wadja;
modern German: hochzeit |
vadhū́ for "bride"
marya (for young suitor, i.e, young man who wants to marry) |
| domo or domu | house | hus (for dwellng or shelter) | domus | hide, housing
domestic, domesticate |
casa | maison
(related to "mansion") |
haus | damas |
| *H₂ner- "man, hero"
*wiH-ro- ("man") |
man | wer | ner, vir | hero, heroine, heroism
from vir: viral, virtue, virtuous, virtually, virtuoso, werewolf from "hom" = homage, homicide, hominid, from "man": command, demand, emanant, manage, mandate, mandatory, manicure, manor, manufacture, permanent, recommend |
homme | hombre | mann | vira |
| *h₃rḗǵs (ruler) | king
ruler, rich (see peku under Animals for wealth) |
cynig, ric | rex,ndives (wealthy) | kingly, regal, regicide, reign, rich, rule | roi, riche | rey, rico | reich, konig | raj, raja |
| Pronouns | ||||||||
| egH₂ "I" | ||||||||
| H₁me- | ||||||||
| tu "you" | ||||||||
| *wei "we"; *n̥s-mé, encl. *nos "us" | ||||||||
| *kʷid, kʷod "what" | ||||||||
| *kʷis, kʷos, kʷei/kʷoi "who" | ||||||||
| Numbers | ||||||||
| *sem- "one, together" | ||||||||
| *dwóH₁ , neut. *dwóy(H₁) "two" | ||||||||
| *tréyes (fem. *tisres,[63] neut. *tríH₂) "three" | ||||||||
| *kʷetwóres (fem. *kʷétesres, neut. *kʷetwṓr) "four" | ||||||||
| *pénkʷe "five" | ||||||||
| *swék̂s "six" | ||||||||
| *septḿ̥ "seven" | ||||||||
| H₁ok̂tō(u) "eight" | ||||||||
| *(H₁)néwn̥ "nine" | ||||||||
| *dék̂m̥t "ten" | ||||||||
| *k̂m̥tóm "hundred" < *dk̂m̥tóm | ||||||||
| Body parts | ||||||||
| *káput ~ *kap-wét-s "head | ||||||||
| *dn̥ĝʰuH₂-, *dn̥ĝʰwéH₂ "tongue" | ||||||||
| ĝ(o)nH₂dʰos "jaw, cheek, chin" | ||||||||
| *ĝénu, ĝnéus "knee | ||||||||
| *H₁dónt-, *H₁dn̥t- "tooth" | ||||||||
| *H₃okʷ- "eye" | ||||||||
| *k̂erd- "heart"; *k̂red-dʰē- "to believe" | ||||||||
| *nas- "nose" | ||||||||
| Animals | ||||||||
| *ék̂wos "horse", "fast animal" | ||||||||
| *gʷōus "cattle"[i][10 | ||||||||
| *H₂ówi- "sheep " | ||||||||
| *k̂won- "hound, dog | ||||||||
| péḱu (livestock) | Property | pecu | pecuniary, | |||||
| *wl̥kʷos "wolf" | ||||||||
| Food | ||||||||
| *médʰu "honey", "mead" | ||||||||
| *tuh₂-ró-s "cheese"[1 | ||||||||
| *séh₂ls "salt" | ||||||||
| *péḱu "livestock" | wealth
(as from possessing cattle) |
pecū | pecuniary, | |||||
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