Indo-European word origins in proto-Indo-European (PIE) language: Difference between revisions

From A+ Club Lesson Planner & Study Guide
VisualWikitext
(building out entries, added sanskrit)
m (deleting data col 1 markers)
Line 122: Line 122:
|
|
|-  
|-  
| data col 1 *suHnú-
| *suHnú-
|| '''son'''
|| '''son'''
|| sunu
|| sunu
Line 132: Line 132:
|
|
|-
|-
| data col 1 *dʰugH₂-tér-
| *dʰugH₂-tér-
|| '''daughter'''
|| '''daughter'''
|| dhuter
|| dhuter
Line 236: Line 236:
||  
||  
|-  
|-  
| data col 1 *tu "you"
| tu "you"
||   
||   
||  
||  
Line 244: Line 244:
||  
||  
|-  
|-  
| data col 1 *wei "we"; *n̥s-mé, encl. *nos "us"
| *wei "we"; *n̥s-mé, encl. *nos "us"
||   
||   
||  
||  
Line 252: Line 252:
||  
||  
|-  
|-  
| data col 1 *kʷid, kʷod "what"
| *kʷid, kʷod "what"
||   
||   
||  
||  
Line 260: Line 260:
||  
||  
|-  
|-  
| data col 1 *kʷis, kʷos, kʷei/kʷoi "who"
| *kʷis, kʷos, kʷei/kʷoi "who"
||   
||   
||  
||  
Line 270: Line 270:
| colspan="3" style="text-align: center;" | '''Numbers'''
| colspan="3" style="text-align: center;" | '''Numbers'''
|-
|-
| data col 1 *sem- "one, together"
| *sem- "one, together"
||   
||   
||  
||  
Line 278: Line 278:
||  
||  
|-  
|-  
| data col 1 *dwóH₁ , neut. *dwóy(H₁) "two"
| *dwóH₁ , neut. *dwóy(H₁) "two"
|| data col 2
||
||   
||   
||  
||  
Line 286: Line 286:
||  
||  
|-  
|-  
| data col 1 *tréyes (fem. *tisres,[63] neut. *tríH₂) "three"
| *tréyes (fem. *tisres,[63] neut. *tríH₂) "three"
||   
||   
||  
||  
Line 294: Line 294:
||  
||  
|-  
|-  
| data col 1 *kʷetwóres (fem. *kʷétesres, neut. *kʷetwṓr) "four"
| *kʷetwóres (fem. *kʷétesres, neut. *kʷetwṓr) "four"
||   
||   
||  
||  
Line 302: Line 302:
||  
||  
|-  
|-  
| data col 1 *pénkʷe "five"
| *pénkʷe "five"
||   
||   
||  
||  
Line 310: Line 310:
||  
||  
|-  
|-  
| data col 1 *swék̂s "six"
| *swék̂s "six"
||   
||   
||  
||  
Line 318: Line 318:
||  
||  
|-  
|-  
| data col 1 *septḿ̥ "seven"
| *septḿ̥ "seven"
||   
||   
||  
||  
Line 326: Line 326:
||  
||  
|-  
|-  
| data col 1 H₁ok̂tō(u) "eight"
| H₁ok̂tō(u) "eight"
||   
||   
||  
||  
Line 334: Line 334:
||  
||  
|-  
|-  
| data col 1 *(H₁)néwn̥ "nine"
| *(H₁)néwn̥ "nine"
||   
||   
||  
||  
Line 342: Line 342:
||  
||  
|-  
|-  
| data col 1 *dék̂m̥t "ten"
| *dék̂m̥t "ten"
||   
||   
||  
||  
Line 350: Line 350:
||  
||  
|-  
|-  
| data col 1 *k̂m̥tóm "hundred" < *dk̂m̥tóm
| *k̂m̥tóm "hundred" < *dk̂m̥tóm
||   
||   
||  
||  
Line 360: Line 360:
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | '''Body parts'''
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | '''Body parts'''
|-
|-
| data col 1 *káput ~ *kap-wét-s "head
| *káput ~ *kap-wét-s "head
||   
||   
||  
||  
Line 368: Line 368:
||  
||  
|-  
|-  
| data col 1 *dn̥ĝʰuH₂-, *dn̥ĝʰwéH₂ "tongue"
| *dn̥ĝʰuH₂-, *dn̥ĝʰwéH₂ "tongue"
||   
||   
||  
||  
Line 376: Line 376:
||  
||  
|-  
|-  
| data col 1 ĝ(o)nH₂dʰos "jaw, cheek, chin"
| ĝ(o)nH₂dʰos "jaw, cheek, chin"
||   
||   
||  
||  
Line 384: Line 384:
||  
||  
|-  
|-  
| data col 1 *ĝénu, ĝnéus "knee
| *ĝénu, ĝnéus "knee
||   
||   
||  
||  
Line 392: Line 392:
||  
||  
|-  
|-  
| data col 1 *H₁dónt-, *H₁dn̥t- "tooth"
| *H₁dónt-, *H₁dn̥t- "tooth"
||   
||   
||  
||  
Line 400: Line 400:
||  
||  
|-  
|-  
| data col 1 *H₃okʷ- "eye"
| *H₃okʷ- "eye"
||   
||   
||  
||  
Line 408: Line 408:
||  
||  
|-  
|-  
| data col 1 *k̂erd- "heart"; *k̂red-dʰē- "to believe"
| *k̂erd- "heart"; *k̂red-dʰē- "to believe"
||   
||   
||  
||  
Line 416: Line 416:
||  
||  
|-  
|-  
| data col 1 *nas- "nose"
| *nas- "nose"
||   
||   
||  
||  
Line 426: Line 426:
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | '''Animals'''
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | '''Animals'''
|-
|-
| data col 1 *ék̂wos "horse", "fast animal"
| *ék̂wos "horse", "fast animal"
||   
||   
||  
||  
Line 434: Line 434:
||  
||  
|-  
|-  
| data col 1 *gʷōus "cattle"[i][10
| *gʷōus "cattle"[i][10
||   
||   
||  
||  
Line 442: Line 442:
||  
||  
|-  
|-  
| data col 1 *H₂ówi- "sheep "
| *H₂ówi- "sheep "
||   
||   
||  
||  
Line 450: Line 450:
||  
||  
|-  
|-  
| data col 1 *k̂won- "hound, dog
| *k̂won- "hound, dog
||   
||   
||  
||  
Line 458: Line 458:
||  
||  
|-  
|-  
| data col 1 *wl̥kʷos "wolf"
| *wl̥kʷos "wolf"
||   
||   
||  
||  
Line 468: Line 468:
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | '''Food'''
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | '''Food'''
|-
|-
| data col 1 *médʰu "honey", "mead"
| *médʰu "honey", "mead"
||   
||   
||  
||  
Line 476: Line 476:
||  
||  
|-  
|-  
| data col 1 *tuh₂-ró-s "cheese"[1
| *tuh₂-ró-s "cheese"[1
||   
||   
||  
||  
Line 484: Line 484:
||  
||  
|-  
|-  
| data col 1 *séh₂ls "salt"
| *séh₂ls "salt"
||   
||   
||  
||  
Line 536: Line 536:
|| data col 4
|| data col 4
|| data col 5  
|| data col 5  
|}| data col 1
|-
}

Revision as of 14:31, 17 July 2021

Indo-European = language group

Proto-Indo-European = the original language from which the language group is derived

Purpose:

  • to identify common origins of Indo-European languages and language groups
  • to recognize the commonality of these words through sound changes
  • to help English-speaking students of European languages to recognize how those words are similar to English words, and, thus, enhance the foreign language vocabulary
  • todo: create pages for Indo-European language, Grimm's Law, etc.

Proto-Indo-European word roots =[edit | edit source]

  • Proto-Indo-European (PIE)
    • proto = "early" or "before"
      • thus "prototype" = an example of something before making the real thing
    • Indo-European = a major language group that originated in central Eurasia and spread across south and southeast Asia and Europe and formed the basis of many modern languages
    • word roots = "morphemes" that form a basic sound from which words are built
  • PIE word roots
    • consist of a single vowel and one or more consonants
    • these roots form the core sound of a word
      • they are not important to know, but it is important to know that PIE morphemes changed as the language spread
    • cognate = a shift in the sound of a word that forms a different pronunciation and spelling of a word from that of the origin language

PIE grammar[edit | edit source]

verbs[edit | edit source]

  • all descendent PIE languages follow common verb forms from the PIE
    • native English-speaker students frequently learn verb forms while studying a foreign language
    • see for these verb forms


common Indo-European words & their origins[edit | edit source]

Proto-Indo-European MODERN ENGLISH OLD ENGLISH LATIN RELATED ENGLISH WORDS SPANISH FRENCH GERMAN SANSKRIT
Notes on languages: = the combination of Anglo-Saxon, Old Norse, French, Latin & Greek words Anglo-Saxon (Germanic) origins, prior to Old Norse (Viking) and French (Normans) invasions & influences Language of Ancient Rome, thus "Romance languages" are derived from it (French, Spanish, Italian, Romanian) Romance / Latin-based Romance / Latin-based from the Germanic language group, not-heavily influenced by Latin * note: Sanskrit is the formal language from which Hindi, the most common language of India comes from
Family, Kinship, Rulers
*méH₂tēr- mother (t > th) modor mater maternal, maternity, matrix, matter, material madre mère mutter
*pH₂tér- father (p > f, t > th) faeder pater paternal, patriarch, patrician, patriotic, patronage, patronize, expatriate, repatriate padre père vater
*ǵenh (give birth, beget) gender (classification, male/female) generare (give birth, beget) genus (from Greek "genos") cognate, congenial, congenital,

engender, engine, genes, genesis, genealogy, genitals, genius, genocide, gentle, germ, germinate, homogenous, pregnant, progeny

genre género Geschlecht
genh (to bear) sibling slbling ("sibb" for kinship, love) germanus (= connected, relevant) germane, humane, urban, urbane frere (for sibling, brother) hermano, hermana geschwister
*bʰréH₂ter- brother bropor frater fraternal, fraternity, fratricide frere hermano bruder
*swésor sister systir or sweostor soror sis, sissy, sisterhood, sisterly, sorority hermana soeur schwester
*suHnú- son sunu filius filial, affiliate, affiliation fils hijo sohn
*dʰugH₂-tér- daughter dhuter filia affiliated, hija fille tochter
*(s)newdʰ-e-ti-s (to cover) nuptials
meryo, mari-, *mori- (young man/wife)

and

wedʰ- (to pledge, to bind)

marry, marriage

and

Wed/ wedding

weddian

("to marry" has Old French origins)

maritare (from "maritus" for husband) wed, wedding

and from the Latin maritare:

marriage, married, marry

casarse

(related to "casa" for house)

se marier proto-Germanic: wadja;

modern German:

hochzeit

marya (for young suitor, i.e, young man who wants to marry)
domo or domu house hus (for dwellng or shelter) domus hide, housing

domestic, domesticate

casa maison

(related to "mansion")

haus damas
*wiH-ro- ("man") man wer viri viral, virtue, virtuous, irtually, virtuoso, werewolf

from "hom" = homage, homicide, hominid,

homme hombre mann
*h₃rḗǵs (ruler) king cynig reign, rich, rule,
ruler, rich
Pronouns
egH₂ "I"
H₁me-
tu "you"
*wei "we"; *n̥s-mé, encl. *nos "us"
*kʷid, kʷod "what"
*kʷis, kʷos, kʷei/kʷoi "who"
Numbers
*sem- "one, together"
*dwóH₁ , neut. *dwóy(H₁) "two"
*tréyes (fem. *tisres,[63] neut. *tríH₂) "three"
*kʷetwóres (fem. *kʷétesres, neut. *kʷetwṓr) "four"
*pénkʷe "five"
*swék̂s "six"
*septḿ̥ "seven"
H₁ok̂tō(u) "eight"
*(H₁)néwn̥ "nine"
*dék̂m̥t "ten"
*k̂m̥tóm "hundred" < *dk̂m̥tóm
Body parts
*káput ~ *kap-wét-s "head
*dn̥ĝʰuH₂-, *dn̥ĝʰwéH₂ "tongue"
ĝ(o)nH₂dʰos "jaw, cheek, chin"
*ĝénu, ĝnéus "knee
*H₁dónt-, *H₁dn̥t- "tooth"
*H₃okʷ- "eye"
*k̂erd- "heart"; *k̂red-dʰē- "to believe"
*nas- "nose"
Animals
*ék̂wos "horse", "fast animal"
*gʷōus "cattle"[i][10
*H₂ówi- "sheep "
*k̂won- "hound, dog
*wl̥kʷos "wolf"
Food
*médʰu "honey", "mead"
*tuh₂-ró-s "cheese"[1
*séh₂ls "salt"
*péḱu "livestock" cattle pecū pecuniary,


HEADER HEADER HEADER HEADER HEADER
data col 1 data col 2 data col 3 data col 4 data col 5
data col 1 data col 2 data col 3 data col 4 data col 5
}
HEADER HEADER HEADER HEADER HEADER
data col 1 data col 2 data col 3 data col 4 data col 5
data col 1 data col 2 data col 3 data col 4 data col 5
Retrieved from "https://school4schools.wiki/w/index.php?title=Indo-European_word_origins_in_proto-Indo-European_(PIE)_language&oldid=1748"