Indo-European word origins in proto-Indo-European (PIE) language

Indo-European = language group

Proto-Indo-European = the original language from which the language group is derived

Purpose:

• to identify common origins of Indo-European languages and language groups
• to recognize the commonality of these words through sound changes
• to help English-speaking students of European languages to recognize how those words are similar to English words, and, thus, enhance the foreign language vocabulary

• todo: create pages for Indo-European language, Grimm's Law, etc.

Proto-Indo-European word roots =

• Proto-Indo-European (PIE)
  • proto = "early" or "before"
    • thus "prototype" = an example of something before making the real thing
  • Indo-European = a major language group that originated in central Eurasia and spread across south and southeast Asia and Europe and formed the basis of many modern languages
  • word roots = "morphemes" that form a basic sound from which words are built
• PIE word roots
  • consist of a single vowel and one or more consonants
  • these roots form the core sound of a word
    • they are not important to know, but it is important to know that PIE morphemes changed as the language spread
  • cognate = a shift in the sound of a word that forms a different pronunciation and spelling of a word from that of the origin language

PIE grammar

verbs

• all descendent PIE languages follow common verb forms from the PIE
  • native English-speaker students frequently learn verb forms while studying a foreign language
  • see for these verb forms

common Indo-European words & their origins

Proto-Indo-European	MODERN ENGLISH	OLD ENGLISH	LATIN	RELATED ENGLISH WORDS	SPANISH	FRENCH	GERMAN	SANSKRIT
Notes on languages:	= the combination of Anglo-Saxon, Old Norse, French, Latin & Greek words	Anglo-Saxon (Germanic) origins, prior to Old Norse (Viking) and French (Normans) invasions & influences	Language of Ancient Rome, thus "Romance languages" are derived from it (French, Spanish, Italian, Romanian)		Romance / Latin-based	Romance / Latin-based	from the Germanic language group, not-heavily influenced by Latin	* note: Sanskrit is the formal language from which Hindi, the most common language of India comes from
Family, Kinship, Rulers
*méH₂tēr-	mother (t > th)	modor	mater	maternal, maternity, matrix, matter, material	madre	mère	mutter
*pH₂tér-	father (p > f, t > th)	faeder	pater	paternal, patriarch, patrician, patriotic, patronage, patronize, expatriate, repatriate	padre	père	vater
*ǵenh (give birth, beget)	gender (classification, male/female)	generare (give birth, beget)	genus (from Greek "genos")	cognate, congenial, congenital, engender, engine, genes, genesis, genealogy, genitals, genius, genocide, gentle, germ, germinate, homogenous, pregnant, progeny	genre	género	Geschlecht
genh (to bear)	sibling	slbling ("sibb" for kinship, love)	germanus (= connected, relevant)	germane, humane, urban, urbane	frere (for sibling, brother)	hermano, hermana	geschwister
*bʰréH₂ter-	brother	bropor	frater	fraternal, fraternity, fratricide	frere	hermano	bruder
*swésor	sister	systir or sweostor	soror	sis, sissy, sisterhood, sisterly, sorority	hermana	soeur	schwester
data col 1 *suHnú-	son	sunu	filius	filial, affiliate, affiliation	fils	hijo	sohn
data col 1 *dʰugH₂-tér-	daughter	dhuter	filia	affiliated,	hija	fille	tochter
*(s)newdʰ-e-ti-s (to cover)	nuptials
meryo, mari-, *mori- (young man/wife) and wedʰ- (to pledge, to bind)	marry, marriage and Wed/ wedding	weddian ("to marry" has Old French origins)	maritare (from "maritus" for husband)	wed, wedding and from the Latin maritare: marriage, married, marry	casarse (related to "casa" for house)	se marier	proto-Germanic: wadja; modern German: hochzeit	marya (for young suitor, i.e, young man who wants to marry)
domo or domu	house	hus (for dwellng or shelter)	domus	hide, housing domestic, domesticate	casa	maison (related to "mansion")	haus	damas
*wiH-ro- ("man")	man	wer	viri	viral, virtue, virtuous, irtually, virtuoso, werewolf from "hom" = homage, homicide, hominid,	homme	hombre	mann
*h₃rḗǵs (ruler)	king	cynig	reign, rich, rule,
	ruler, rich
Pronouns
egH₂ "I"
H₁me-
data col 1 *tu "you"
data col 1 *wei "we"; *n̥s-mé, encl. *nos "us"
data col 1 *kʷid, kʷod "what"
data col 1 *kʷis, kʷos, kʷei/kʷoi "who"
Numbers
data col 1 *sem- "one, together"
data col 1 *dwóH₁ , neut. *dwóy(H₁) "two"	data col 2
data col 1 *tréyes (fem. *tisres,[63] neut. *tríH₂) "three"
data col 1 *kʷetwóres (fem. *kʷétesres, neut. *kʷetwṓr) "four"
data col 1 *pénkʷe "five"
data col 1 *swék̂s "six"
data col 1 *septḿ̥ "seven"
data col 1 H₁ok̂tō(u) "eight"
data col 1 *(H₁)néwn̥ "nine"
data col 1 *dék̂m̥t "ten"
data col 1 *k̂m̥tóm "hundred" < *dk̂m̥tóm
Body parts
data col 1 *káput ~ *kap-wét-s "head
data col 1 *dn̥ĝʰuH₂-, *dn̥ĝʰwéH₂ "tongue"
data col 1 ĝ(o)nH₂dʰos "jaw, cheek, chin"
data col 1 *ĝénu, ĝnéus "knee
data col 1 *H₁dónt-, *H₁dn̥t- "tooth"
data col 1 *H₃okʷ- "eye"
data col 1 *k̂erd- "heart"; *k̂red-dʰē- "to believe"
data col 1 *nas- "nose"
Animals
data col 1 *ék̂wos "horse", "fast animal"
data col 1 *gʷōus "cattle"[i][10
data col 1 *H₂ówi- "sheep "
data col 1 *k̂won- "hound, dog
data col 1 *wl̥kʷos "wolf"
Food
data col 1 *médʰu "honey", "mead"
data col 1 *tuh₂-ró-s "cheese"[1
data col 1 *séh₂ls "salt"
*péḱu "livestock"	cattle		pecū	pecuniary,

• see: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-European_vocabulary

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