Indo-European word origins in proto-Indo-European (PIE) language

Indo-European = language group

Proto-Indo-European = the original language from which the language group is derived

Purpose:

• to identify common origins of Indo-European languages and language groups
• to recognize the commonality of these words through sound changes
• to help English-speaking students of European languages to recognize how those words are similar to English words, and, thus, enhance the foreign language vocabulary

• todo: create pages for Indo-European language, Grimm's Law, etc.

Proto-Indo-European word roots =

• Proto-Indo-European (PIE)
  • proto = "early" or "before"
    • thus "prototype" = an example of something before making the real thing
  • Indo-European = a major language group that originated in central Eurasia and spread across south and southeast Asia and Europe and formed the basis of many modern languages
  • word roots = "morphemes" that form a basic sound from which words are built
• PIE word roots
  • consist of a single vowel and one or more consonants
  • these roots form the core sound of a word
    • they are not important to know, but it is important to know that PIE morphemes changed as the language spread
  • cognate = a shift in the sound of a word that forms a different pronunciation and spelling of a word from that of the origin language

PIE grammar

verbs

• all descendent PIE languages follow common verb forms from the PIE
  • native English-speaker students frequently learn verb forms while studying a foreign language
  • see for these verb forms

common Indo-European words & their origins

Proto-Indo-European	MODERN ENGLISH	OLD ENGLISH	LATIN	SPANISH	FRENCH	GERMAN
Family, Kinship, Rulers
*méH₂tēr-
*pH₂tér-
data col 1 bʰréH₂ter-
data col 1 *swésor
data col 1 *dʰugH₂-tér-
data col 1 *suHnú- "son"
data col 1 *wiH-ro- << man n/a in Eng, OE wer
data col 1 *h₃rḗǵs ruler, king/rex
Pronouns
data col 1 egH₂ "I"
data col 1 H₁me-
data col 1 *tu "you"
data col 1 *wei "we"; *n̥s-mé, encl. *nos "us"
data col 1 *kʷid, kʷod "what"
data col 1 *kʷis, kʷos, kʷei/kʷoi "who"
Numbers
data col 1 *sem- "one, together"
data col 1 *dwóH₁ , neut. *dwóy(H₁) "two"	data col 2
data col 1 *tréyes (fem. *tisres,[63] neut. *tríH₂) "three"
data col 1 *kʷetwóres (fem. *kʷétesres, neut. *kʷetwṓr) "four"
data col 1 *pénkʷe "five"
data col 1 *swék̂s "six"
data col 1 *septḿ̥ "seven"
data col 1 H₁ok̂tō(u) "eight"
data col 1 *(H₁)néwn̥ "nine"
data col 1 *dék̂m̥t "ten"
data col 1 *k̂m̥tóm "hundred" < *dk̂m̥tóm
Body parts
data col 1 *káput ~ *kap-wét-s "head
data col 1 *dn̥ĝʰuH₂-, *dn̥ĝʰwéH₂ "tongue"
data col 1 ĝ(o)nH₂dʰos "jaw, cheek, chin"
data col 1 *ĝénu, ĝnéus "knee
data col 1 *H₁dónt-, *H₁dn̥t- "tooth"
data col 1 *H₃okʷ- "eye"
data col 1 *k̂erd- "heart"; *k̂red-dʰē- "to believe"
data col 1 *nas- "nose"
Animals
data col 1 *ék̂wos "horse", "fast animal"
data col 1 *gʷōus "cattle"[i][10
data col 1 *H₂ówi- "sheep "
data col 1 *k̂won- "hound, dog
data col 1 *wl̥kʷos "wolf"
Food
data col 1 *médʰu "honey", "mead"
data col 1 *tuh₂-ró-s "cheese"[1
data col 1 *séh₂ls "salt"

• see: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-European_vocabulary

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