Indo-European word origins in proto-Indo-European (PIE) language: Difference between revisions

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'''Indo-European = language group'''  
'''Indo-European = language group'''
[[File:Indo-European Language Family Branches in Eurasia.png|thumb|Indo-European Language Family Branches in Eurasia|alt=Indo-European Language Family Branches in Eurasia.png]]
[[File:Family_tree_of_the_indo-european_languages_(English).jpg|thumb]]
* the principle language group or family across Europe and northwest, central and south Asia
** = dominant languages of Europe, Russia, Iran, India, and Armenia (eastern Turkey/northern Iraq)
** the only European languages that are not Indo-European are Basque (northern Spain and an indigenous language), Hungarian, and Finnish and Estonian (Uralic language group)
* Proto-Indo-European = the original language from which the language group is derived
** abbreviated as "PIE"
'''[[Category:World History]]
[[Category:Language]]
[[category:Language]]
[[category:History of language]]
[[category:History of English]]'''


'''Proto-Indo-European = the original language from which the language group is derived'''
<u>Article purpose</u>:
 
<u>Purpose</u>:
* to identify common origins of Indo-European languages and language groups
* to identify common origins of Indo-European languages and language groups
* to recognize the commonality of these words through sound changes
* to recognize the commonality of these words through sound changes
* to help English-speaking students of European languages to recognize how those words are similar to English words, and, thus, enhance the foreign language vocabulary
* to help English-speaking students of European languages to recognize how those words are similar to English words, and, thus, enhance the foreign language vocabulary


* todo:  create pages for Indo-European language, Grimm's Law, etc.
* todo:  create pages for Indo-European language, history of English


== Proto-Indo-European word roots ===
 
<u>See also</u>
* [[Grimms Law]]
* [[Names of the days of the week]]
 
== Proto-Indo-European word roots==
* Proto-Indo-European (PIE)
* Proto-Indo-European (PIE)
** proto = "early" or "before"
** proto = "early" or "before"
Line 21: Line 36:
*** they are not important to know, but it is important to know that PIE morphemes changed as the language spread
*** they are not important to know, but it is important to know that PIE morphemes changed as the language spread
** cognate = a shift in the sound of a word that forms a different pronunciation and spelling of a word from that of the origin language  
** cognate = a shift in the sound of a word that forms a different pronunciation and spelling of a word from that of the origin language  
=== Discovery of PIE language group ===
* Sir William Jones, a British colonial judge in India in late 18th century
** noticed similarities between Sanskrit and European languages
** he found common word origins in Sanskrit, Greek, Latin, and Persian
click EXPAND to read from Jone's 1786 presentation on the "common source" of Sanskrit, Latin and Greek
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
<pre>
The Sanscrit language, whatever be its antiquity, is of a wonderful structure; more perfect than the Greek, more copious than the Latin, and more exquisitely refined than either, yet bearing to both of them a stronger affinity, both in the roots of verbs and the forms of grammar, than could possibly have been produced by accident; so strong indeed, that no philologer could examine them all three, without believing them to have sprung from some common source, which, perhaps, no longer exists; there is a similar reason, though not quite so forcible, for supposing that both the Gothic and the Celtic, though blended with a very different idiom, had the same origin with the Sanscrit; and the old Persian might be added to the same family.</pre>
* from Jone's "Third Anniversary Discourse to the Asiatic Society" (1786)
</div>
* Sanskrit
** = the sacred language of Hinduism
** Sanskrit is largely a written language
** the dominant modern language of India is called "Hindi"
* Hindi
** Hindi arose in the northern part of India along the Ganges River
*** called the "Gangetic Plain"
** = fourth most-spoken language in the world
** India has 22 recognized national languages
** Hindi is the "official" language in the sense that it is the language of the Indian government
** there are many regional dialects and other languages across India


=== PIE grammar ===
=== PIE grammar ===
Line 30: Line 68:




== common Indo-European words & their origins ==
== Common Indo-European words & their PIE origins ==


{| class="wikitable"  
{| class="wikitable"  
| '''Proto-Indo-European'''|| '''MODERN ENGLISH''' ||'''OLD ENGLISH''' ||'''LATIN''' ||RELATED ENGLISH WORDS||'''SPANISH''' ||'''FRENCH''' || '''GERMAN'''
| '''PROTO-INDO-EUREOPEAN (PIE)'''|| '''MODERN ENGLISH''' ||'''OLD ENGLISH''' ||'''LATIN / GREEK''' ||'''RELATED ENGLISH WORDS'''||'''SPANISH''' ||'''FRENCH''' || '''GERMAN'''
|'''SANSKRIT'''
|-
|'''Notes on languages:'''
|= the combination of Anglo-Saxon, Old Norse, French, Latin & Greek words
|Anglo-Saxon (Germanic) origins, prior to Old Norse (Viking) and French (Normans) invasions & influences
|Language of Ancient Rome, thus "Romance languages" are derived from it (French, Spanish, Italian, Romanian)
|Note that some words come to Modern English from '''PIE''' via Old English and others via Latin and Greek
|Romance / Latin-based
|Romance / Latin-based
|from the Germanic language group, not-heavily influenced by Latin
|* note: Sanskrit is the formal language from which Hindi, the most common language of India comes from
|-  
|-  
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | '''Family, Kinship, Rulers'''
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |
=== Family, Kinship, Rulers ===
|-
|-
| *méH₂tēr-
| '''*méH₂tēr-'''
|| mother (t > th)
|| '''mother''' (t > th)
|| modor
|| modor
|| mater
|| mater
|| maternal, maternity
|| maternal, maternity, matrix, matter, material
matrix, matter, material
|| madre
||  
|| mère
||  
|| mutter
||  
|| mā́tṛ, mātṛ́
||  
|-  
|-  
| *pH₂tér-
| '''*pH₂tér-'''
|| father (p > f, t > th)
|| '''father''' (p > f, t > th)
|| faeder
|| faeder
|| pater
|| pater
|| paternal, patriarch, patrician,  
|| paternal, patriarch, patrician, patriotic, patronage, patronize, expatriate, repatriate
patriotic, patronage, patronize
|| padre
expatriate, repatriate
|| père
||  
|| vater
||  
|pitṛ́
||  
|-
|-
| *ǵenh (give birth, beget)
| '''*ǵenh-''' (give birth, beget)
|| gender (classification, male/female)  
|| '''gender''' (classification, male/female)
|| generare (give birth, beget)
|| generare (give birth, beget)
|| genus (from Greek "genos")
|| genus (from Greek "genos")
|| genesis (from Greek for "origin")
|| cognate, congenial, congenital, degenerate, engender, engine, gender,  general, genes, genesis, genealogy,  
cognate, congenial, congenital,
genitals, genius, genocide, genre, gentle, germ, germinate, homogenous, pregnant, progeny
engender, engine, genes, genealogy,  
genitals, genius, genocide, gentle,  
germ, germinate, homogenous,
pregnant, progeny
|| genre
|| genre
||
||género
|| gen
|| Geschlecht
|
|-  
|-  
| genh (to bear)
| '''*genh-''' (to bear)
|| sibling
|| '''sibling'''
|| slbling ("sibb" for kinship, love)
|| slbling ("sibb" for kinship, love)
|| germanus (= connected, relevant)
|| germanus (= connected, relevant)
Line 81: Line 126:
|| hermano, hermana
|| hermano, hermana
|| geschwister
|| geschwister
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-  
|-  


| data col 1 bʰréH₂ter-
| '''*bʰréH₂ter-'''
|| brother
|| '''brother'''
|| bropor  
|| bropor
|| frater
|| frater
|| fraternal, fraternity
|| fraternal, fraternity, fratricide
fratricide,
|| hermano
|| frere
|| frere
|| hermano
|| bruder
|| bruder
|bʰrā́tṛ
|-
| '''*swésor-'''
|| '''sister'''
|| systir or sweostor
|| soror
|| sis, sissy, sisterhood, sisterly, sorority
|| hermana
|| soeur
|| schwester
|svásṛ
|-
| '''*suHnú-'''
I '''*su(e)-nu'''
|| '''son'''
|| sunu
|| filius
|| affiliate, affiliation, few, foal
|| fils
|| hijo
|| sohn
|sūnú
|-
|'''*pau''' (little)
|boy
|
|
|impoverish, pedagogue, pederast, pedophilia, pony, poor, poultry, poverty, puerile, pupil, puppet, pusillanimous
|
|
|
|
|-
| '''*dʰugH₂-tér-'''
|| '''daughter'''
|| dhuter
|| filia
|| from Latin ''filia'':
affiliated, affiliation,
|| hija
|| fille
|| tochter
|dúhitṛ
|-
|-
|'''*meryo-, *mari-''', '''*mori-''' (young man/wife),
''*(s)newdʰ-e-ti-s'' (to cover)
and
wedʰ-  (to pledge, to bind)
|'''marry, marriage'''
'''nuptials'''
and
'''Wed/ wedding'''
|weddian (and weddung (wedding)
Note: "to marry" has Old French origins and not Old English)
|maritare (from "maritus" for husband)
nūptiālis
|marriage, married, marry
nuptials, connubial, nubile, postnuptial, prenuptial
|casarse
(related to "casa" for house)
|se marier
|proto-Germanic: wadja;
modern German:
hochzeit
|vadhū́ for "bride"
marya (for young suitor, i.e, young man who wants to marry)
|-
|'''*domo-''' or *'''domu'''
|'''house'''
|hus (for dwellng or shelter)
|domus
|hide, housing
domestic, domesticate
|casa
|maison
(related to "mansion")
|haus
|damas
|-
| *H₂ner- "man, hero"
<nowiki>*</nowiki>wiH-ro-  ("man")
|| '''man'''
|| wer
|| ner, vir
|| hero, heroine, heroism
from vir: viral, virtue, virtuous, virtually, virtuoso, werewolf
from "hom" = homage, homicide, hominid,
from "man": command, demand, emanant, manage, mandate, mandatory, manicure, manor, manufacture, permanent, recommend
|| hombre
|| homme
|mann
|vira
|-
|*no-men-  'name"
|'''name'''
|
|nomen
|acronym; allonym; ananym; anonymous; antonym; binomial; cognomen; denominate; eponym; eponymous; heteronym; homonym; homonymous; hyponymy; ignominious; ignominy; Jerome; matronymic; metonymy; metronymic; misnomer; moniker; nomenclature; nominal; nominate; noun; onomastic; onomatopoeia; paronomasia; paronym; patronym; patronymic; praenomen; pronoun; pseudonym; renown; synonym; synonymy; synonymous; toponym
|nombre
|nom
|
|
|-  
|-  
| data col 1 *swésor
| *h₃rḗǵs  (ruler)
||
|| '''king'''
'''ruler, rich'''
 
(see peku under Animals for wealth)
|| cynig, ric
|| rex,ndives (wealthy)
|| kingly, regal, regicide, reign, rich, rule
|| rey, rico
|| roi, riche
|reich, konig
|raj, raja
|-
|*dyeu-(sky father)
|'''god'''
|
|Latin: Iu-peter (Jupiter)
dies (day)
 
Greek: Zeu-pater (Zeus)
 
delos (clear)
|adieu, adios, adjourn, deify, deism, deity, dial, diary, diet, dismal, divine, journal, journalist, jovial, per diem, sojourn
|
|
|
|deva/ dyaus pitar
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |
=== Pronouns ===
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|'''PROTO-INDO-EUREOPEAN (PIE)'''
|'''MODERN ENGLISH'''
|'''OLD ENGLISH'''
|'''LATIN / GREEK'''
|'''RELATED ENGLISH WORDS'''
|'''SPANISH'''
|'''FRENCH'''
|'''GERMAN'''
|'''SANSKRIT'''
|-
| egH₂ "I"
||  
||  
||  
||  
||
||
|| soeur
||
|-
| data col 1 *dʰugH₂-tér-
|| 
||  
||  
||  
||  
||  
||  
||  
||  
|
|
|-
| H₁me-
||  
||  
|-
| data col 1 *suHnú- "son"
|| 
||  
||  
||  
||  
Line 117: Line 322:
||  
||  
||  
||  
|
|
|-  
|-  
| data col 1 *wiH-ro- << man n/a in Eng, OE wer
| tu "you"
|| 
||
||
||  
||  
||
||
|-
| data col 1 *h₃rḗǵs  ruler, king/rex
|| 
||  
||  
||  
||  
Line 133: Line 332:
||  
||  
||  
||  
|
|
|-  
|-  
| colspan="5 style="text-align: center;" | '''Pronouns'''
| *wei "we"; *n̥s-mé, encl. *nos "us"
|-
| data col 1 egH₂ "I"
|| 
||
||
||
||
||  
||  
|-
| data col 1 H₁me-
|| 
||  
||  
||  
||  
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||  
||  
||  
||  
|
|
|-  
|-  
| data col 1 *tu "you"
| *kʷid, kʷod "what"
|| 
||
||
||  
||  
||
||
|-
| data col 1 *wei "we"; *n̥s-mé, encl. *nos "us"
|| 
||  
||  
||  
||  
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||  
||  
||  
||  
|
|
|-  
|-  
| data col 1 *kʷid, kʷod "what"
| *kʷis, kʷos, kʷei/kʷoi "who"
|| 
||  
||  
||  
||  
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||  
||  
||  
||  
|-
| data col 1 *kʷis, kʷos, kʷei/kʷoi "who"
|| 
||  
||  
||  
|
||
|
||
|-
||  
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"|
|-  
=== Numbers===
| colspan="3" style="text-align: center;" | '''Numbers'''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|'''PROTO-INDO-EUREOPEAN (PIE)'''
|'''MODERN ENGLISH'''
|'''OLD ENGLISH'''
|'''LATIN / GREEK'''
|'''RELATED ENGLISH WORDS'''
|'''SPANISH'''
|'''FRENCH'''
|'''GERMAN'''
|'''SANSKRIT'''
|-
|-
| data col 1 *sem- "one, together"
| *sem-  
|| 
|| '''one'''
||  
||  
||  
||  
||  
|| semen, seminal,
||  
||  
||  
||  
|
|
|-  
|-  
| data col 1 *dwóH₁ , neut. *dwóy(H₁) "two"
| *dwóH₁ , neut. *dwóy(H₁)  
|| data col 2
||'''two'''
||   
||   
||  
||  
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||  
||  
||  
||  
|
|
|-  
|-  
| data col 1 *tréyes (fem. *tisres,[63] neut. *tríH₂) "three"
| *tréyes (fem. *tisres,[63] neut. *tríH₂)  
||
|| '''three'''
||  
||  
||  
||  
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||  
||  
||  
||  
|
|
|-  
|-  
| data col 1 *kʷetwóres (fem. *kʷétesres, neut. *kʷetwṓr) "four"
| *kʷetwóres (fem. *kʷétesres, neut. *kʷetwṓr)  
|| 
|| '''four'''
||
||
||  
||  
||  
||  
||  
|| quart, quarter,
|| cuatro
|| quart
|
|
|-  
|-  
| data col 1 *pénkʷe "five"
| *pénkʷe  
||
|| '''five'''
||  
||  
||  
||  
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||  
||  
||  
||  
|
|
|-  
|-  
| data col 1 *swék̂s "six"
| *swék̂s
||
|| '''six'''
||  
||  
||  
||  
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||  
||  
||  
||  
|
|
|-  
|-  
| data col 1 *septḿ̥ "seven"
| *septḿ̥  
||
|| '''seven'''
||  
||  
||  
||  
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||  
||  
||  
||  
|
|
|-  
|-  
| data col 1 H₁ok̂tō(u) "eight"
| H₁ok̂tō(u)  
|| 
|| '''eight'''
||  
||  
||  
||  
||  
|| octopus
||  
||  
||  
||  
|
|
|-  
|-  
| data col 1 *(H₁)néwn̥ "nine"
| *(H₁)néwn̥  
||
|| '''nine'''
||  
||  
||  
||  
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||  
||  
||  
||  
|
|
|-  
|-  
| data col 1 *dék̂m̥t "ten"
| *dék̂m̥t  
|| 
|| '''ten'''
||  
||  
||  
||  
||  
|| decimal
||  
||  
||  
||  
|
|
|-  
|-  
| data col 1 *k̂m̥tóm "hundred" < *dk̂m̥tóm
| *k̂m̥tóm
|| 
|| '''hundred'''
||  
||  
||  
||  
||  
|| cent (as in 1/100th), centennial, century
||  
||  
||  
||  
|
|
|-  
|-  
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | '''Body parts'''
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |
=== Body Parts ===
|-
|'''PROTO-INDO-EUREOPEAN (PIE)'''
|'''MODERN ENGLISH'''
|'''OLD ENGLISH'''
|'''LATIN / GREEK'''
|'''RELATED ENGLISH WORDS'''
|'''SPANISH'''
|'''FRENCH'''
|'''GERMAN'''
|'''SANSKRIT'''
|-
|*kerd- (heart)
|heart
|heorte
|cor, cordis, credo (belief)
|accord, core, cordial, courage, discord, record
from credo, credible
 
 
heart, hearten, heartbreak, heartburn, heartless,
 
expressions from "heart" include "bleeding heart," "learn by heart," "heart-felt," "heart-shaped," "heart to heart", "heart-warming," "heart in the right place", "eat your heart out"
|corazón
|coeur
|herzen
|hrd, hrdaya, hardi
|-
|-
| data col 1 *káput ~ *kap-wét-s "head
|"ped=" (soil, ground)
|foot (pl. feet)
|fot
|ped
|''foot'': afoot, barefoot, flat-footed, foot (a measurement), football, footing foothold, footnote
''ped'' (Latin): : biped, centipede, expedite, expedition, impede, impediment, pedal, pedestrian, pedicure,
 
''pod'' (Greek): antipode, cephalopod, ornithopod; also: impair, impeach, octopus, Oedipus, pajamas, pawn, pejorative, peon, pessimism, pilot, pioneer, podiatry, trapezoid, tripod, trivet, vamp
|pie
|pied
|Fuß (pronounced "foos")
|pad/ padam
|-
| *káput ~ *kap-wét-s "head
||   
||   
||  
||  
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||  
||  
||  
||  
|
|
|-  
|-  
| data col 1 *dn̥ĝʰuH₂-, *dn̥ĝʰwéH₂ "tongue"
| *dn̥ĝʰuH₂-, *dn̥ĝʰwéH₂ "tongue"
||   
||   
||  
||  
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||  
||  
||  
||  
|
|
|-
|h₂ows- (“ear”)
|ear, hear
|ēare (ear)
hīeran (hear)
|auris
|
|
|
|Ohr
|
|-  
|-  
| data col 1 ĝ(o)nH₂dʰos "jaw, cheek, chin"
| ĝ(o)nH₂dʰos "jaw, cheek, chin"
||   
||   
||  
||  
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||  
||  
||  
||  
|
|
|-  
|-  
| data col 1 *ĝénu, ĝnéus "knee
| *ĝénu, ĝnéus "knee
||   
||   
||  
||  
Line 307: Line 586:
||  
||  
||  
||  
|
|
|-  
|-  
| data col 1 *H₁dónt-, *H₁dn̥t- "tooth"
| *H₁dónt-, *H₁dn̥t- "tooth"
||   
||   
||  
||  
Line 315: Line 596:
||  
||  
||  
||  
|
|
|-  
|-  
| data col 1 *H₃okʷ- "eye"
| *H₃okʷ- "eye"
||   
||   
||  
||  
Line 323: Line 606:
||  
||  
||  
||  
|
|
|-  
|-  
| data col 1 *k̂erd- "heart"; *k̂red-dʰē- "to believe"
| *k̂erd- "heart"; *k̂red-dʰē- "to believe"
||   
||   
||  
||  
Line 331: Line 616:
||  
||  
||  
||  
|
|
|-  
|-  
| data col 1 *nas- "nose"
| *nas- "nose"
||   
||   
||  
||  
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||  
||  
||  
||  
|
|
|-  
|-  
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | '''Animals'''
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |
=== Animals ===
|-
|-
| data col 1 *ék̂wos "horse", "fast animal"
|'''PROTO-INDO-EUREOPEAN (PIE)'''
||
|'''MODERN ENGLISH'''
||  
|'''OLD ENGLISH'''
||  
|'''LATIN / GREEK'''
||  
|'''RELATED ENGLISH WORDS'''
||  
|'''SPANISH'''
||  
|'''FRENCH'''
|'''GERMAN'''
|'''SANSKRIT'''
|-
|ane
(to breath)
|animal
spirit
|
|animale
- living, breathing
|anemo-, anemometer, anima, animal, animalistic, animate, animation, animosity, animus, equanimity, longanimity, mangnanimous, pusillanimous, unanimous
|
|
|
|
|-
| *ék̂wos ("horse", "fast animal")
||'''horse'''
|| hors (from proto-Germanic "harss"
|| equus
|| equine, equestrian
 
 
Note that the PIE root "'''kers-'''" may also be a root for "horse," as "kers" leads to words for "to run" such as the Latin "''currere;'' the "k" sound may have shifted to "h" leading to "horse".
 
Whatever that connection, we get words from "kers-" that are associated with movement, including:
 
 
 
car, career, cargo, carriage, carry, cavalier, charge, chariot, concourse, course, corral, current, cursive, cursor, discourse, excursion, incur, intercourse, occur, precursor, recur
 
"Hippopotamus" comes from Greek for horse, "hippo" as in "river horse"
|| caballo (horse)
 
 
correr (to run)
|| cheval (horse)
 
 
courir (to run)
|pferd (horse)
|asva (horse)
|-  
|-  
| data col 1 *gʷōus "cattle"[i][10
| *gʷōus "cattle"[i][10
||   
||   
||  
||  
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||  
||  
||  
||  
|
|
|-  
|-  
| data col 1 *H₂ówi- "sheep "
| *H₂ówi- "sheep "
||   
||   
||  
||  
Line 365: Line 699:
||  
||  
||  
||  
|
|
|-  
|-  
| data col 1 *k̂won- "hound, dog
| *k̂won- (hound, dog)
||
|| '''dog'''
||
||  
||  
||  
||  
|| canine
||  
||  
||  
||  
|
|
|-
|péḱu (livestock)
|'''property'''
|
|pecu
|pecuniary,
|
|
|
|
|-  
|-  
| data col 1 *wl̥kʷos "wolf"
| *wl̥kʷos "wolf"
||   
||   
||  
||  
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||  
||  
||  
||  
|
|
|-  
|-  
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | '''Food'''
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |
=== Food ===
|-
|'''PROTO-INDO-EUREOPEAN (PIE)'''
|'''MODERN ENGLISH'''
|'''OLD ENGLISH'''
|'''LATIN / GREEK'''
|'''RELATED ENGLISH WORDS'''
|'''SPANISH'''
|'''FRENCH'''
|'''GERMAN'''
|'''SANSKRIT'''
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
| data col 1 *médʰu "honey", "mead"
| *médʰu "honey", "mead"
||
||  
||  
||  
||  
||  
Line 391: Line 762:
||  
||  
||  
||  
|
|-  
|-  
| data col 1 *tuh₂-ró-s "cheese"[1
| *tuh₂-ró-s "cheese"[1
||
||  
||  
||  
||  
||  
Line 399: Line 771:
||  
||  
||  
||  
|
|
|-  
|-  
| data col 1 *séh₂ls "salt"
| *séh₂ls "salt"
||
||  
||  
||  
||  
||  
Line 407: Line 781:
||  
||  
||  
||  
|
|
|-
|*péḱu "livestock" or "cattle"
|'''wealth'''
(as from possessing cattle)
|eoh, fioh, feo, (fee)
|pecū
|fee, money, pecuniary,
|
|
|
|pacu
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |
=== Other ===
| colspan="7" |
|-
|'''PROTO-INDO-EUREOPEAN (PIE)'''
|'''MODERN ENGLISH'''
|'''OLD ENGLISH'''
|'''LATIN / GREEK'''
|'''RELATED ENGLISH WORDS'''
|'''SPANISH'''
|'''FRENCH'''
|'''GERMAN'''
|'''SANSKRIT'''
|-
|'''*ag-''' "to drive, draw out, move"
|act, action
|Old Norse: ''aka'' "to drive"
Middle Irish: ''ag'' for "battle"
|Latin: ''actus'' (doing), ''agere'' ("to set in motion")
Greek: ''agein'' ("to lead, guide, carry off"), ''agon'' (assembly) or ''agōgos'' (leader)
|act; action; active; actor; actual; actuary; actuate; agency; agenda; agent; agile; agitation; agony; ambagious; ambassador; ambiguous; anagogical; antagonize; apagoge; assay; axiom; cache; castigate; coagulate; cogent; cogitation; counteract; demagogue; embassy; essay; exact; exacta; examine; exigency; exiguous; fumigation; interact; intransigent; litigate; litigation; mitigate; mystagogue; navigate; objurgate; pedagogue; prodigal; protagonist; purge; react; redact; retroactive; squat; strategy; synagogue; transact; transaction; variegate.
|
|
|
|''ajati''
|-
|'''*apo-''' "away, off"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|'''*es-''' "to be"
|is
|eom
|Latin: ''est''
Greek: ''esti''
|absence, absent, entity, essence, essential, Eucharist, eugenics, eulogy, euphemism, euphoria , euthanasia, improve, interest, is
|estar
|etre
|ist
|asmi
|-
|'''*klei-''' "to lean"
|climate
(from geographic zones in distance from the equator, thus marking different temperatures, etc.)
|
|Latin ''clinare'' "to lean, bend"
Greek ''klinein'' "to cause to slope, slant, incline"
and ''klima'' "region, zone"
|acclivity; anticline; clemency; client; climate; climax; cline; clinic; clinical; clino-; clitellum; clitoris; decline; declivity; enclitic; heteroclite; incline; ladder; lean (v.; lid; low (n) "small hill, eminence;" matroclinous; patroclinous; polyclinic; proclitic; proclivity; recline; synclinal; thermocline
|
|Old French ''climat'' for "region, part of the earth"
|
|''srayati'' ("leans")
|-
|'''mregh-u-''' "short"
|short
|
|''brevis''
Greek: brakhys
|abbreviate; abbreviation; abridge; amphibrach; brace; bracelet; brachio-; brachiopod; brachiosaurus; brachy-; brassiere; breviary; brevity; brief; brumal; brume; embrace; merry; mirth; pretzel; vambrace.
|
|
|
|
|-
|'''*nem-''' "assign, allot; take"
and
'''*wendh-''' "to turn, wind, weave"
|nomad
wind (verb)
|''wandrian'' (v) to wander, roam
''simbelfarende'' (adj) for "roving, nomadic, wandering"
|''nomas''
and related to ''numerus'' for "number"
Greek: nomas for "roaming, wandering"
and ''nomos'' for "pasture, grazing" thus "land allotted"; related to ''nemein'' for "to deal out" and ''nemisis'' "just indignation"
|agronomy; anomie; anomy; antinomian; antinomy; astronomer; astronomy; autonomous; autonomy; benumb; Deuteronomy; economy; enumerate; enumeration; gastronomy; heteronomy; innumerable; metronome; namaste; nemesis; nimble; nim; nomad; nomothetic; numb; number, numeracy; numeral; numerator; numerical; numerology; numerous; Numidia, Numidians, numismatic; supernumerary; taxonomy
|
|nomade
|
|
|-
|'''''*pele-''''' "to fill"
|fill
|
|
|accomplish; complement, complete; comply; depletion; expletive; fill; folk; full implement; manipulation; plebe; plebeian; plebiscite; pleiotropy; Pleistocene; plenary; plenitude; plenty; plenum; plenipotentiary; plethora; pluperfect; plural; pluri-; plus; poly-; polyandrous; polyethylene; polyglot; polygon; polygraph; polygyny; polyhedron; polymath; polymer; polymorphous; Polynesia; polyp; polysyllabic; polytheism; replenish; replete; supply; surplus
|
|
|
|
|-
|'''''*pelə-''''' "flat" or "to spread"
|
|
|
|airplane; ectoplasm; esplanade; explain; explanation; feldspar; field; floor; palm (n "flat of the hand") palm (n "tropical tree;") piano; pianoforte; plain; plan; planar; plane (n "flat surface") plane (n."tool for smoothing surfaces") plane (v. "soar, glide on motionless wings") planet; planisphere; plano-; plasma; plasmid; plasm; -plasm; -plast; plaster; plastic; plastid; -plasty; Polack; Poland; Pole; polka; protoplasm
|
|
|
|
|-
|'''*sta-'''  "to stand" or "to make or be firm"
|stand
|
|statuere
|constitute, constituent, statue, statute
|
|
|
|
|-
|'''''*we-dhro-''''' "weather, storm" and
'''*we-'''  "to blow"
|weather
|wedar
|Latin ''tempestas'' for "weather" as well as "time"
|to weather (to endure); as well as weather-beaten, weathered, weather-vane
|
|
|wetter
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-  
|-  
|}
|}
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|| data col 4
|| data col 4
|| data col 5  
|| data col 5  
|}| data col 1
|-
}

Latest revision as of 22:27, 13 October 2022

Indo-European = language group

Indo-European Language Family Branches in Eurasia.png
Indo-European Language Family Branches in Eurasia
  • the principle language group or family across Europe and northwest, central and south Asia
    • = dominant languages of Europe, Russia, Iran, India, and Armenia (eastern Turkey/northern Iraq)
    • the only European languages that are not Indo-European are Basque (northern Spain and an indigenous language), Hungarian, and Finnish and Estonian (Uralic language group)
  • Proto-Indo-European = the original language from which the language group is derived
    • abbreviated as "PIE"

'

Article purpose:

  • to identify common origins of Indo-European languages and language groups
  • to recognize the commonality of these words through sound changes
  • to help English-speaking students of European languages to recognize how those words are similar to English words, and, thus, enhance the foreign language vocabulary
  • todo: create pages for Indo-European language, history of English


See also

Proto-Indo-European word roots[edit | edit source]

  • Proto-Indo-European (PIE)
    • proto = "early" or "before"
      • thus "prototype" = an example of something before making the real thing
    • Indo-European = a major language group that originated in central Eurasia and spread across south and southeast Asia and Europe and formed the basis of many modern languages
    • word roots = "morphemes" that form a basic sound from which words are built
  • PIE word roots
    • consist of a single vowel and one or more consonants
    • these roots form the core sound of a word
      • they are not important to know, but it is important to know that PIE morphemes changed as the language spread
    • cognate = a shift in the sound of a word that forms a different pronunciation and spelling of a word from that of the origin language

Discovery of PIE language group[edit | edit source]

  • Sir William Jones, a British colonial judge in India in late 18th century
    • noticed similarities between Sanskrit and European languages
    • he found common word origins in Sanskrit, Greek, Latin, and Persian

click EXPAND to read from Jone's 1786 presentation on the "common source" of Sanskrit, Latin and Greek 

The Sanscrit language, whatever be its antiquity, is of a wonderful structure; more perfect than the Greek, more copious than the Latin, and more exquisitely refined than either, yet bearing to both of them a stronger affinity, both in the roots of verbs and the forms of grammar, than could possibly have been produced by accident; so strong indeed, that no philologer could examine them all three, without believing them to have sprung from some common source, which, perhaps, no longer exists; there is a similar reason, though not quite so forcible, for supposing that both the Gothic and the Celtic, though blended with a very different idiom, had the same origin with the Sanscrit; and the old Persian might be added to the same family.
  • from Jone's "Third Anniversary Discourse to the Asiatic Society" (1786)
  • Sanskrit
    • = the sacred language of Hinduism
    • Sanskrit is largely a written language
    • the dominant modern language of India is called "Hindi"
  • Hindi
    • Hindi arose in the northern part of India along the Ganges River
      • called the "Gangetic Plain"
    • = fourth most-spoken language in the world
    • India has 22 recognized national languages
    • Hindi is the "official" language in the sense that it is the language of the Indian government
    • there are many regional dialects and other languages across India


PIE grammar[edit | edit source]

verbs[edit | edit source]

  • all descendent PIE languages follow common verb forms from the PIE
    • native English-speaker students frequently learn verb forms while studying a foreign language
    • see for these verb forms


Common Indo-European words & their PIE origins[edit | edit source]

PROTO-INDO-EUREOPEAN (PIE) MODERN ENGLISH OLD ENGLISH LATIN / GREEK RELATED ENGLISH WORDS SPANISH FRENCH GERMAN SANSKRIT
Notes on languages: = the combination of Anglo-Saxon, Old Norse, French, Latin & Greek words Anglo-Saxon (Germanic) origins, prior to Old Norse (Viking) and French (Normans) invasions & influences Language of Ancient Rome, thus "Romance languages" are derived from it (French, Spanish, Italian, Romanian) Note that some words come to Modern English from PIE via Old English and others via Latin and Greek Romance / Latin-based Romance / Latin-based from the Germanic language group, not-heavily influenced by Latin * note: Sanskrit is the formal language from which Hindi, the most common language of India comes from

Family, Kinship, Rulers[edit | edit source]

*méH₂tēr- mother (t > th) modor mater maternal, maternity, matrix, matter, material madre mère mutter mā́tṛ, mātṛ́
*pH₂tér- father (p > f, t > th) faeder pater paternal, patriarch, patrician, patriotic, patronage, patronize, expatriate, repatriate padre père vater pitṛ́
*ǵenh- (give birth, beget) gender (classification, male/female) generare (give birth, beget) genus (from Greek "genos") cognate, congenial, congenital, degenerate, engender, engine, gender, general, genes, genesis, genealogy,

genitals, genius, genocide, genre, gentle, germ, germinate, homogenous, pregnant, progeny

genre género Geschlecht
*genh- (to bear) sibling slbling ("sibb" for kinship, love) germanus (= connected, relevant) germane, humane, urban, urbane frere (for sibling, brother) hermano, hermana geschwister
*bʰréH₂ter- brother bropor frater fraternal, fraternity, fratricide hermano frere bruder bʰrā́tṛ
*swésor- sister systir or sweostor soror sis, sissy, sisterhood, sisterly, sorority hermana soeur schwester svásṛ
*suHnú-

I *su(e)-nu

son sunu filius affiliate, affiliation, few, foal fils hijo sohn sūnú
*pau (little) boy impoverish, pedagogue, pederast, pedophilia, pony, poor, poultry, poverty, puerile, pupil, puppet, pusillanimous
*dʰugH₂-tér- daughter dhuter filia from Latin filia:

affiliated, affiliation,

hija fille tochter dúhitṛ
*meryo-, *mari-, *mori- (young man/wife),

*(s)newdʰ-e-ti-s (to cover) and

wedʰ- (to pledge, to bind)

marry, marriage

nuptials

and

Wed/ wedding

weddian (and weddung (wedding)

Note: "to marry" has Old French origins and not Old English)

maritare (from "maritus" for husband)

nūptiālis

marriage, married, marry

nuptials, connubial, nubile, postnuptial, prenuptial

casarse

(related to "casa" for house)

se marier proto-Germanic: wadja;

modern German:

hochzeit

vadhū́ for "bride"

marya (for young suitor, i.e, young man who wants to marry)

*domo- or *domu house hus (for dwellng or shelter) domus hide, housing

domestic, domesticate

casa maison

(related to "mansion")

haus damas
*H₂ner- "man, hero"

*wiH-ro- ("man")

man wer ner, vir hero, heroine, heroism

from vir: viral, virtue, virtuous, virtually, virtuoso, werewolf

from "hom" = homage, homicide, hominid,

from "man": command, demand, emanant, manage, mandate, mandatory, manicure, manor, manufacture, permanent, recommend

hombre homme mann vira
*no-men- 'name" name nomen acronym; allonym; ananym; anonymous; antonym; binomial; cognomen; denominate; eponym; eponymous; heteronym; homonym; homonymous; hyponymy; ignominious; ignominy; Jerome; matronymic; metonymy; metronymic; misnomer; moniker; nomenclature; nominal; nominate; noun; onomastic; onomatopoeia; paronomasia; paronym; patronym; patronymic; praenomen; pronoun; pseudonym; renown; synonym; synonymy; synonymous; toponym nombre nom
*h₃rḗǵs (ruler) king

ruler, rich

(see peku under Animals for wealth)

cynig, ric rex,ndives (wealthy) kingly, regal, regicide, reign, rich, rule rey, rico roi, riche reich, konig raj, raja
*dyeu-(sky father) god Latin: Iu-peter (Jupiter)

dies (day)

Greek: Zeu-pater (Zeus)

delos (clear)

adieu, adios, adjourn, deify, deism, deity, dial, diary, diet, dismal, divine, journal, journalist, jovial, per diem, sojourn deva/ dyaus pitar

Pronouns[edit | edit source]
PROTO-INDO-EUREOPEAN (PIE) MODERN ENGLISH OLD ENGLISH LATIN / GREEK RELATED ENGLISH WORDS SPANISH FRENCH GERMAN SANSKRIT
egH₂ "I"
H₁me-
tu "you"
*wei "we"; *n̥s-mé, encl. *nos "us"
*kʷid, kʷod "what"
*kʷis, kʷos, kʷei/kʷoi "who"

Numbers[edit | edit source]
PROTO-INDO-EUREOPEAN (PIE) MODERN ENGLISH OLD ENGLISH LATIN / GREEK RELATED ENGLISH WORDS SPANISH FRENCH GERMAN SANSKRIT
*sem- one semen, seminal,
*dwóH₁ , neut. *dwóy(H₁) two
*tréyes (fem. *tisres,[63] neut. *tríH₂) three
*kʷetwóres (fem. *kʷétesres, neut. *kʷetwṓr) four quart, quarter, cuatro quart
*pénkʷe five
*swék̂s six
*septḿ̥ seven
H₁ok̂tō(u) eight octopus
*(H₁)néwn̥ nine
*dék̂m̥t ten decimal
*k̂m̥tóm hundred cent (as in 1/100th), centennial, century

Body Parts[edit | edit source]

PROTO-INDO-EUREOPEAN (PIE) MODERN ENGLISH OLD ENGLISH LATIN / GREEK RELATED ENGLISH WORDS SPANISH FRENCH GERMAN SANSKRIT
*kerd- (heart) heart heorte cor, cordis, credo (belief) accord, core, cordial, courage, discord, record

from credo, credible


heart, hearten, heartbreak, heartburn, heartless,

expressions from "heart" include "bleeding heart," "learn by heart," "heart-felt," "heart-shaped," "heart to heart", "heart-warming," "heart in the right place", "eat your heart out"

corazón coeur herzen hrd, hrdaya, hardi
"ped=" (soil, ground) foot (pl. feet) fot ped foot: afoot, barefoot, flat-footed, foot (a measurement), football, footing foothold, footnote

ped (Latin): : biped, centipede, expedite, expedition, impede, impediment, pedal, pedestrian, pedicure,

pod (Greek): antipode, cephalopod, ornithopod; also: impair, impeach, octopus, Oedipus, pajamas, pawn, pejorative, peon, pessimism, pilot, pioneer, podiatry, trapezoid, tripod, trivet, vamp

pie pied Fuß (pronounced "foos") pad/ padam
*káput ~ *kap-wét-s "head
*dn̥ĝʰuH₂-, *dn̥ĝʰwéH₂ "tongue"
h₂ows- (“ear”) ear, hear ēare (ear)

hīeran (hear)

auris Ohr
ĝ(o)nH₂dʰos "jaw, cheek, chin"
*ĝénu, ĝnéus "knee
*H₁dónt-, *H₁dn̥t- "tooth"
*H₃okʷ- "eye"
*k̂erd- "heart"; *k̂red-dʰē- "to believe"
*nas- "nose"

Animals[edit | edit source]

PROTO-INDO-EUREOPEAN (PIE) MODERN ENGLISH OLD ENGLISH LATIN / GREEK RELATED ENGLISH WORDS SPANISH FRENCH GERMAN SANSKRIT
ane

(to breath)

animal

spirit

animale

- living, breathing

anemo-, anemometer, anima, animal, animalistic, animate, animation, animosity, animus, equanimity, longanimity, mangnanimous, pusillanimous, unanimous
*ék̂wos ("horse", "fast animal") horse hors (from proto-Germanic "harss" equus equine, equestrian


Note that the PIE root "kers-" may also be a root for "horse," as "kers" leads to words for "to run" such as the Latin "currere; the "k" sound may have shifted to "h" leading to "horse".

Whatever that connection, we get words from "kers-" that are associated with movement, including:


car, career, cargo, carriage, carry, cavalier, charge, chariot, concourse, course, corral, current, cursive, cursor, discourse, excursion, incur, intercourse, occur, precursor, recur

"Hippopotamus" comes from Greek for horse, "hippo" as in "river horse"

caballo (horse)


correr (to run)

cheval (horse)


courir (to run)

pferd (horse) asva (horse)
*gʷōus "cattle"[i][10
*H₂ówi- "sheep "
*k̂won- (hound, dog) dog canine
péḱu (livestock) property pecu pecuniary,
*wl̥kʷos "wolf"

Food[edit | edit source]

PROTO-INDO-EUREOPEAN (PIE) MODERN ENGLISH OLD ENGLISH LATIN / GREEK RELATED ENGLISH WORDS SPANISH FRENCH GERMAN SANSKRIT
*médʰu "honey", "mead"
*tuh₂-ró-s "cheese"[1
*séh₂ls "salt"
*péḱu "livestock" or "cattle" wealth

(as from possessing cattle)

eoh, fioh, feo, (fee) pecū fee, money, pecuniary, pacu

Other[edit | edit source]
PROTO-INDO-EUREOPEAN (PIE) MODERN ENGLISH OLD ENGLISH LATIN / GREEK RELATED ENGLISH WORDS SPANISH FRENCH GERMAN SANSKRIT
*ag- "to drive, draw out, move" act, action Old Norse: aka "to drive"

Middle Irish: ag for "battle"

Latin: actus (doing), agere ("to set in motion")

Greek: agein ("to lead, guide, carry off"), agon (assembly) or agōgos (leader)

act; action; active; actor; actual; actuary; actuate; agency; agenda; agent; agile; agitation; agony; ambagious; ambassador; ambiguous; anagogical; antagonize; apagoge; assay; axiom; cache; castigate; coagulate; cogent; cogitation; counteract; demagogue; embassy; essay; exact; exacta; examine; exigency; exiguous; fumigation; interact; intransigent; litigate; litigation; mitigate; mystagogue; navigate; objurgate; pedagogue; prodigal; protagonist; purge; react; redact; retroactive; squat; strategy; synagogue; transact; transaction; variegate. ajati
*apo- "away, off"
*es- "to be" is eom Latin: est

Greek: esti

absence, absent, entity, essence, essential, Eucharist, eugenics, eulogy, euphemism, euphoria , euthanasia, improve, interest, is estar etre ist asmi
*klei- "to lean" climate

(from geographic zones in distance from the equator, thus marking different temperatures, etc.)

Latin clinare "to lean, bend"

Greek klinein "to cause to slope, slant, incline"

and klima "region, zone"

acclivity; anticline; clemency; client; climate; climax; cline; clinic; clinical; clino-; clitellum; clitoris; decline; declivity; enclitic; heteroclite; incline; ladder; lean (v.; lid; low (n) "small hill, eminence;" matroclinous; patroclinous; polyclinic; proclitic; proclivity; recline; synclinal; thermocline Old French climat for "region, part of the earth" srayati ("leans")
mregh-u- "short" short brevis

Greek: brakhys

abbreviate; abbreviation; abridge; amphibrach; brace; bracelet; brachio-; brachiopod; brachiosaurus; brachy-; brassiere; breviary; brevity; brief; brumal; brume; embrace; merry; mirth; pretzel; vambrace.
*nem- "assign, allot; take"

and

*wendh- "to turn, wind, weave"

nomad

wind (verb)

wandrian (v) to wander, roam


simbelfarende (adj) for "roving, nomadic, wandering"

nomas

and related to numerus for "number" Greek: nomas for "roaming, wandering"

and nomos for "pasture, grazing" thus "land allotted"; related to nemein for "to deal out" and nemisis "just indignation"

agronomy; anomie; anomy; antinomian; antinomy; astronomer; astronomy; autonomous; autonomy; benumb; Deuteronomy; economy; enumerate; enumeration; gastronomy; heteronomy; innumerable; metronome; namaste; nemesis; nimble; nim; nomad; nomothetic; numb; number, numeracy; numeral; numerator; numerical; numerology; numerous; Numidia, Numidians, numismatic; supernumerary; taxonomy nomade
*pele- "to fill" fill accomplish; complement, complete; comply; depletion; expletive; fill; folk; full implement; manipulation; plebe; plebeian; plebiscite; pleiotropy; Pleistocene; plenary; plenitude; plenty; plenum; plenipotentiary; plethora; pluperfect; plural; pluri-; plus; poly-; polyandrous; polyethylene; polyglot; polygon; polygraph; polygyny; polyhedron; polymath; polymer; polymorphous; Polynesia; polyp; polysyllabic; polytheism; replenish; replete; supply; surplus
*pelə- "flat" or "to spread" airplane; ectoplasm; esplanade; explain; explanation; feldspar; field; floor; palm (n "flat of the hand") palm (n "tropical tree;") piano; pianoforte; plain; plan; planar; plane (n "flat surface") plane (n."tool for smoothing surfaces") plane (v. "soar, glide on motionless wings") planet; planisphere; plano-; plasma; plasmid; plasm; -plasm; -plast; plaster; plastic; plastid; -plasty; Polack; Poland; Pole; polka; protoplasm
*sta- "to stand" or "to make or be firm" stand statuere constitute, constituent, statue, statute
*we-dhro- "weather, storm" and

*we- "to blow"

weather wedar Latin tempestas for "weather" as well as "time" to weather (to endure); as well as weather-beaten, weathered, weather-vane wetter


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